Behaviors Towards Green Hospitals In Thailand Environmental Sciences Essay

Thailand has late experienced an economic over growing that has been coupled with rapid industrialisation and urbanisation. This growing has every bit anticipated, caused a important debasement in the huge natural home grounds and resources of this state. Furthermore, natural catastrophes have raised serious concern in the vicinity. With the increasing consciousness of planetary clime alteration and natural catastrophes in the developed universe, environmental protection and energy sustainability have emerged as issues of turning importance. Companies across all sectors try to develop merchandises and patterns with a minimized environmental load, in order to take portion in â€Å" socially responsible † patterns, and to set up their presence as innovators in the freshly formed niche of consumers with ecological concerns. This is besides true for the Healthcare and Tourism industry, where concerns frequently rely on the unity and sustainability of the environment. However, while a figure of surveies exist for the touristry sector, there has been done about no research on green patterns in the infirmary industry. It is gratuitous to state that there is a high demand for infirmaries to prosecute in green patterns due to the big sum of waste generated but besides the theoretic behind the built-in committedness to a balanced coexistence of the patient with his environment in order to prolong a high degree of quality of life and public wellness. Furthermore, infirmaries that exhibit strong involvement in environmental issues and actively take part in eco-friendly patterns have the possible to distinct themselves from other concerns, therefore making a important competitory advantage. There are no surveies up to day of the month that have measured the consumer attitudes towards green pattern in infirmaries nor their willingness to pay, should an environmental policy in healthcare direction is to take topographic point. Aims The intent of this survey is twofold: to research consumer attitudes towards assorted countries of green patterns in infirmaries and consumers ‘ willingness to pay for green infirmaries, and to foretell attitudes, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control taking to the likeliness of consumers to actively seek and see green infirmaries. The proposed research and rating survey will take at placing the consequence of different socio demographic features on the bing likeliness to take â€Å" green † health care, but will besides analyze the influence of attitudes, subjective norm and sensed behavioural control on the consumers ‘ purpose to see such infirmaries. Consumers who originate from public sector infirmaries will besides be compared against those from private attention. Methods Ajzens ( 1985 ) Theory of Planned Behavior will be used as a theoretical foundation to analyze the above planned outcomes. Data will be collected with the aid of a structured study questionnaire. The survey sample is anticipated to be ~500 and it will be provided by bing clients of take parting infirmaries. The study will be conducted in the waiting suites of the participating infirmaries, which will be both private attention and public attention infirmaries in Thailand. Assuming that the population of Thailand is M and that M will see a infirmary at one point in their life-time, the survey sample will be divided among the private and public wellness sector. Hence with 250 at each side, the survey sample has been calculated to observe % of a one criterion divergence difference, with a power of 85 per centum and a significance degree of 5 % . This differentiation is made in order to avoid a systematic choice prejudice in the survey sample, since patients of the private sector are more likely to hold a higher socioeconomic degree and therefore either more environmentally led consciousness or a much greater willingness to pay for green tactics. In order to stratify the survey population samples, descriptive statistics will be employed and multiple additive arrested development theoretical accounts will be used to analyse the study instrument ‘s consequences. Use of findings The analyses are anticipated to uncover the true figure of consumers that perceive the country of ‘green infirmaries ‘ as of import. The analytical description of the factors underlying their behaviour will besides be provided and comparings will be made between consumers arising from different wellness backgrounds. It is besides anticipated that the willingness to pay for green health care will be measured by the study instrument, and that this can function as a important managerial assistance in the way of the pertinence and sustainability of such theoretical accounts. Therefore, this research aims to function as an analytical and determination steering tool in the way of greener health care, based on consumer ‘s sentiments. Aim This survey will utilize informations obtained from a constructions study questionnaire directed at consumers of private and public infirmaries in Thailand to find their attitudes and behaviours towards Green Hospitals. The survey ‘s aims are: To research consumer attitudes towards assorted countries of green patterns in infirmaries and consumers ‘ willingness to pay for green infirmaries harmonizing to socio-demographic factors and arising sector of health care used at the clip of the survey. To foretell attitudes, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control taking to the likeliness of consumers to actively seek and see green infirmaries in the hereafter. BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW This subdivision reviews the current relevant literature available on the current position quo of green patterns in infirmaries, hence making a background for this survey that will show the current demand for green infirmaries and the current accomplishments made or failures observed in already green health care disposals. This subdivision begins with basic background information on the first green infirmaries ‘ studies on mensural impact, patient satisfaction and organisational features and alterations observed. It incorporates a reappraisal on the consequence of green patterns at the industry degree every bit good as a elaborate reappraisal of countries that are of peculiar relevancy for the pertinence of these policies. It besides includes a reappraisal on published methods for all validated instruments directed at the measuring of consumers ‘ attitudes towards health care, their influential potency and subsequent significance to healthcare direction. This is provided to clarify the power of such an grounds based attack, where consumers ‘ sentiments are valued for the devising of managerial determinations on health care policies. This background is necessary to solidify the importance and cogency of the present survey. Finally, the theoretical background is reviewed. First the theory of planned behaviour is analyzed, which will function as a conceptual model for the mensural variables. Then hypotheses are developed, harmonizing to demographics and attitudes, subjective norms and sensed behavioural control. Already published information towards Green patterns in infirmaries is discussed and analyzed harmonizing to attitudes, subjective norms and sensed behavioural control. Green Practices in Tourism Management Research on the sustainability of tourer direction has focused on the development of environmental rules, translated as codifications of behavior or environmental policies ( United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ) , 1994 ; Williams, 1993 ) . The 2nd phase of the application of environmental policies as they translated into pattern has besides been achieved for the touristry industry. The ‘greening ‘ of the operational activities of certain sectors of the industry provide with first-class illustrations of this phase ( World Travel & A ; Tourism Council, World Tourism Council, Earth Council, 1995 ) . Hotel sustainability plans have concentrated on waste decrease, energy preservation, and H2O preservation. More sophisticated rejuvenation plans have introduced the usage of organic nutrients, non toxic cleansing merchandises, and chemical-free plague direction techniques. Besides, emanation decrease in the transit sector has been an activity that environmental tourer policies have concentrated on. Reports on the impact appraisal of the deduction of environmental policies in touristry are nevertheless few, and those focal point on the public presentation of a limited figure of international touristry corporations ( WTTERC, 1993 ) .Hence it is hard to reassign their findings to the wide scope of concerns in the wider health care and touristry industry. Green Practices in Health Contrary to their sibling ( the touristry industry ) , it is widely perceived that infirmaries are really immune to alter, both structurally and culturally. Their constellation, normally in concrete, frequently reflects the pattern of wellness attention and patient populations of past epochs. It is said that, alteration within the infirmary involves piecing the resources needed for high-quality attention, such as optimum usage of edifices, people and equipment, and forming them in a manner that provides high-quality attention ( Healy and McKee, Chapter 10 ) . There is a broad scope of surveies that prove an aetiologic relationship between environmental maltreatment and diseases, such as dioxins and malignant neoplastic disease, pesticide and nutrient and the effects of relentless organic defilers. On the infirmary degree, toxin and mercury-containing medical devices, the broad usage of pesticides in and around infirmaries and the big sum of waste generated are all issues that stress the demand for an environmental policy in health care. It is in other words envisioned that a stiff environmental policy could even be a factor of high quality attention for hospital staff and patients. In the last 10 old ages, there has been singular advancement in waste direction from an environmental wellness position. Hospitals have been placed in the frontline for infective waste direction, decreased chemical usage, advancing usage of healthy nutrients and advancing nurse leading in environmental stewardship. Given besides the seemingly increasing trouble of run intoing turning demand for good infirmary attention, infirmary directors have turned to Green Hospitals for better results. aˆÂ ¦ † About a twelve groups began building â€Å" green † infirmaries several old ages ago, and other groups are now following their lead † the Medical-News study in 2006. Inventions include solar panels, permeable pavement stuff to filter chemicals from rainwater overflow, H2O conserving lavatories, gum elastic floors, eco-friendly systems for disposing of medical waste, latex-free scrutiny baseball mitts, and cleaners without rough chemicals and reclaimable dissolvers. Gary Cohen, executive manager of the Environmental Health Fund, said that although inventions ab initio cost more, they can cut down operating costs over clip ( Landro, Wall Street Journal, 10/4/06 ) . The Luminary Project. ( 2005 ) . Nurses illuming the manner to environmental wellness. Retrieved April 30, 2007 from the universe broad web at: www.TheLuminaryProject.org. National Society for Healthcare Foodservice Management. ( 2007 ) . About HFM. Retrieved April 13, 2007 from www.hfm.org/about.html Bresnitz E.A. , Beckett W. , Chan-Yeaun M, Craig, T. , Gilman, M. , Harber, P. , et Al. ( 2004 ) . Guidelines for measuring and pull offing asthma hazard at work, school, and diversion. American Journal of Respiratory Critical Care. Medicine Series on-line. 169, 873-881. Retrieved March 22, 2007 from the universe broad web at: www.asthmaregionalcouncil.org/resources/documents/GuidelinesforAssessingandManagingAsthmaRisk.pdf Green R. , Hauser R. , Calafat AM, Weuve, J. , Schettlet, T, Ringer, S. et Al, ( 2005 ) . Use of di ( 2-ethylhexyl ) phthalate-containing medical merchandises and urinary degrees of glandular fever ( 2-ethylhexyl ) phthalate in neonatal intensive attention unit babies. Environmental Health Perspectives. 113 ( 9 ) , 1222-1225. Retrieved April 30, 2007 from the universe broad web at: www.ehponline.org/members/2005/7932/7932.pdf Health Care Without Harm. ( 2007 ) . How to be after and keep a quicksilver thermometer exchange. Retrieved April 30, 2007 from the universe broad web at: www.noharm.org/library/docs/Going_Green_How_to_Hold_a_Mercury_Thermometer_.pdf Health Care Without Harm. ( 2006 ) . Hazards to asthma posed by indoor wellness attention environments: A usher to identifying and cut downing debatable exposures. Retrieved March 22, 2007 from the universe broad web at: www.noharm.org/details.cfm? type=document & A ; ID=1315 Health Care Without Harm, News Release ( 2003 ) . New study: 100 % of reacting infirmaries use pesticides in or around installations. Retrieved April 30, 2007 from the universe broad web at: www.noharm.org/details.cfm? type=document & A ; id=867. Health Care Without Harm ( n.d.a. ) Food: The issue. Retrieved April 30, 2007 from the universe broad web at: www.noharm.org/us/food/issue. Health Care Without Harm, ( n.d.b ) . Medical waste: The issue. Retrieved January 13, 2007 from the universe broad web at: www.noharm.org/us/medicalwaste/issue. Williams, P.W. ( 1993 ) Environmental concern pattern: Ethical codifications of behavior for touristry. Hospitality Trends 7 ( 1 ) , 8-11. World Travel & A ; Tourism Council, World Tourism Organization, Earth Council ( 1995 ) Agenda 21 for the Travel and Tourism Industry: Towards Environmentally Sustainable Development. London: WTTC. World Travel & A ; Tourism Environment Research Centre ( WTTERC ) ( 1993 ) Travel & A ; Tourism: Environment & A ; Development. Oxford: WTTERC United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ) ( 1988 ) Environmental scrutinizing. Industry and Environment 11 ( 4 ) , 12-18. – ( 1994 ) Environmental Codes of Conduct for Tourism. Paris: UNEP, Industry and Environment. Ward-Whate, L. , Bloomfield Healy, J. ( 1998 ) Social welfare Options: Delivering Social Services. Sydney: Allen & A ; Unwin. Edwards, N. and Harrison, A. ( 1999 ) The infirmary of the hereafter: planning infirmaries with limited grounds. A research and policy job, British Medical Journal, 319: 1361-3. Mentions Chung, J. W. , and Meltzer, D. O.A Estimate of the C footmark of the U.S. wellness attention sector.A JAMA. 302 ( 18 ) :1970-1972, Nov. 11. 2009 Zhu, H.A First eco-friendly infirmary energy works installed. Epoch Times.A Nov 4, 2009. Clark, A.A Deirdre Imus ‘s mission to green up toxic infirmaries. GreenBiz.com.A Oct. 29, 2009. Gilbert, M.A Washington Co. schools, infirmary traveling green.A The Herald-Mail. Oct. 24, 2009. Hemingway, S.A A new shadiness of infirmary viridity. Burlington Free Press. Oct. 18, 2009 Cole, B.A Wisconsin infirmary saves green by traveling green. HealthLeaders Media. Oct. 5, 2009 Guenther R. Sustainable architecture for wellness: a mentality displacement. Guest column. Health Environments Research & A ; Design Journal. 2 ( 4 ) :3-9, Summer 2009 Dunlop, D.A Healthcare ‘s green enterprise: the healthy infirmary motion. Alternate Health Journal. Aug. 3, 2009 Wu, J.A A Environmental conformity: The good, the bad, and the super viridity. Journal of Environmental Management. June 30, 2009. [ Epub in front of print ] Levy, J. , Funk, P. , and Cheney, K.A A The cogeneration option: salvaging money and the planet.A Healthcare Deisgn Magazine.A May 27, 2009 BaldwinA G. How green was my infirmary. Health Data Management. 17 ( 4 ) :82,84, 86, Apr. 2009 Harris, N. , and others.A Hospitals traveling green: a holistic position of the issue and the critical function of the nurse leader.A Holistic Nursing Practice. A 23 ( 2 ) :101-11, Mar./Apr. 2009 Greene, J. Energy. Online auctions touted as a manner to cut down costs, go green. HospitalsA & A ; Health Networks. 83 ( 1 ) :17, Jan. 2009 Crisp, N. , and Donaldson, L.A Material Health: A Resource Flow and Ecological Footprint of the NHS.A Material Health, 2009 Hackenbrach, J.A A Mandates and available inducements for constructing green health care facilities.A Healthcare Design.A 8 ( 12 ) :16-18, Dec. 2008 Gehant, D.A Hospitals and the environment.A Frontiers of Health Services Management.A 25 ( 1 ) :3-10, Fall 2008 hypertext transfer protocol: //web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/EXTEAPREGTOPENVIRONMENT/0, ,contentMDK:20266329~menuPK:537827~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:502886,00.html Appendix: Outline of the proposed thesis Abstraction Recognitions Vita List of Tables List of Figures Chapters: 1. Introduction†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 1.1. Statement of the Problem†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 1.2. Aims of the Study†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 1.3. Definitions†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 1.4. Background and Setting†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 1.5. Significance†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW AND EMPIRICAL MODEL†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 2.1. Literature Reappraisal†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 2.1.1. Green Practices in Healthcare and Tourism Management†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 2.1.2. Customers†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 2.1.3. Industry†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 2.1.4. The Impact of Green Practices†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 2.1.5. Areas of Green Practices†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 2.1.6. Research Questions†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 2.2. Theoretical Model†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 2.2.1. Theory of Planned Behavior†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 2.3. Hypothesiss Development†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 2.3.1. Demographics and Attitudes†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 2.3.2. Demographics and Subjective Norms†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 2.3.3. Demographics and Perceived Behavioral Control†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 2.3.4. Attitude towards Green Practices in Hospitals†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 2.3.5. Subjective Norm on Green Practices†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 2.3.6. Perceived Behavioral Control of Visiting Green Hospitals†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 3. Procedure†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 3.1. Research Design and Subject Selection†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 3.2. Result Measures†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ ..viii 3.2.1. Independent Variables†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 3.2.2. Dependent Variable†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 3.3. Data Analysis†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 4. Consequence†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 4.1. Internal Consistency Reliability†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 4.2. Demographic Characteristics†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 4.3. Green Areas†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 4.4. Correlation of Importance of Green Areas with Demographic Characteristic†¦ †¦ 4.5. Willingness to Pay†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 4.6. Hypothesiss aa‚ ¬ † Linear Arrested developments†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 4.6.1. Demographics on Attitudes†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 4.6.2. Demographics on Subjective Norm†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 4.6.3. Demographics on Perceived Behavioral Control†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 4.6.4. Attitudes, Subjective Norm, and Perceived Behavioral Control on Intention 4.7. Multicollinearity†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 4.8. Linear Regressions Split by Hospitals†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 4.8.1. Attitudes by Hospital†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 4.8.2. Subjective Norm by Hospital†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 4.8.3. Perceived Behavioral Control by Hospital†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 4.8.4. Forecasters of Behavioral Intention by Hospital†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 4.9. Qualitative informations†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 5. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 5.1. Drumhead†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 5.1.1. Research Questions†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 5.1.2. Theory of Planned Behavior†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 5.2. Deductions†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 5.3. Restrictions†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 5.4. Future Research†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ ..

Learning Styles, Motivation and on the Job Training

The first learning style is sensing vs. intuitive learning style. Sensing learners like learning facts and solving problems by well established methods. Unlike intuitive learners, sensor learners resent testing on material that has not been explicitly covered in training. (p 169) Intuitive learners often prefer discovering new relationships and can be innovative in their approach to problem solving. They dislike repetition and are better at grasping concepts than sensor learners. Unlike sensors, intuitive learners don’t like courses that involve a lot of memorization and routine calculations. In order to get the most out of training, sensor learners need to be intuitive learners at times and at times intuitive learners need to be sensor learners. The trainer can help the sensor learner by organizing the training by using a problem first method. Intuitors can be more difficult to train especially if the training involves a lot of memorization. The trainer can help these people by creating incentives such as a game with a reward for memorizing certain key points of the training. Next there is the visual vs. erbal learner. Visual learners remember best what they see, pictures, diagrams, flowcharts and demonstrations. 169 Verbal learners get more out of words; both written and spoken. Visual learners are among the easiest to train. There are a wide variety of materials available to supplement lectures for the trainer to use to engage the visual learner. The trainer can help the verbal learner by having handouts of the presentation available or providing paper in which the trainee can summarize the presentation in his/her own words. Sequential learners vs. global learners. Sequential learners gain understanding when things are presented step by step. The global learner is one who needs to see the whole picture before being able to absorb the details. The sequential learner can be helped by providing a copy of the lecture material with blank spaces for the sequential learner to fill in key terms and definitions. The global learner can be helped by explaining how each new module fits in with the overall purpose of the training. Active learners vs reflective learners. Active learners need to do something. They can be helped by applying the information, discussing it, or explaining it to others. Reflective learners prefer to think about the new information before applying it. â€Å" Let’s try it out and see how it works† is how the active learner might respond. The reflective learner on the other hand might say, â€Å" Let’s think it through first†. The active learner can be helped by the trainer by being placed in group settings. They have a particularly hard time sitting in a lecture and taking notes. The reflective learner, however, prefers working alone so it might be beneficial to give this type of learner questions to answer at the end of each training module. One of the most frequently used training methods is on the job training (OJT). Compare and contrast the characteristics of an informal OJT program with that of a formal one. Before the advent of training classrooms, on the job training was the most predominant form of training.. This was commonly referred to as apprenticeship. Master craftsmen passed on their skills to novices who worked alongside of them Today, on the job training is used primarily for teaching new technology or increasing skills in the use of current technology. Informal OJT consists of using more skilled co-workers or supervisors to train the less skilled or less experienced employee. The informal OJT has not been thought out or prepared (p 236). The workers generally learn on a trial and error basis with some feedback from supervisors or coworkers. It is also done on an ad hoc basis with no predetermined content or process. With informal OJT there aren’t any objectives or goals and trainers are often chosen on the basis of their technical expertise not their training ability because they haven’t had any formal training on how to train. This creates more room for error because the trainers are often inconsistent and may even be introducing methods that are not approved by the organization. Formal OJT programs are just the opposite. They have a carefully thought out sequence of events. Like informal OJT the trainee gets to observe the trainer performing the job related tasks. Unlike informal OJT, the procedures involved in the tasks are discussed, before, during and after the training. In formal OJT, the trainee does not begin performing the tasks until the trainer feels that they are ready to do so. The trainee is given more and more of the job to perform as he/she masters the each skill necessary to perform the task. Because a trainer is used who is not only experienced with the task but trained as a trainer, the company can be assured that the new employees are learning the tasks more quickly and systematically than in an informal training. Another advantage is consistency of training. The company can be sure that all of the workers performing the same tasks in any of the company departments or locations will be performing in the same manner. With formal OJT, inputs and outputs can be assessed to determine if any modifications need to be made to the training. Describe four factors that should be considered when developing an effective computer based training (CBT) program. One of the biggest factors to consider is the cost of the program. Developing a CBT can be a costly endeavor. Costs of the program include the wages of the course developer as well as the wages of the trainees while they are taking the program (p 276). Then the organization must also consider the costs of the hardware and software needed to conduct the training. The company must then weigh these costs against the number of trainees that will be using the program and how often the program will be needed as well as the frequency of updating the material. The second factor to consider is the control of material and the training process. Because the content is built directly into the program, the company has complete control over the content of the learning material that all trainees are getting. This is advantageous for companies with multiple locations because it allows for consistency in the training. Also, the trainees are moved through the training process based on their understanding of each training module. The trainees can also start and stop the training rocess which allows for minimal disruption in production. CBTs can help employees enhance their knowledge. The CBT can present the facts in several different formats and presentation styles. It also can provide a variety of modules to show the employees how to apply the knowledge to their actual job. Analyze the three things an organization should do to motivate a trainee before the trainee attends training. An organization can have one of the best training programs available, but if the trainees are not motivated they will not learn. When conducting a training program, it is important to remember that the trainees all have different learning styles. Each of the trainees will have a different learning style than the others. Most likely they will have a combination of the sensing/intuitive, active/reflective, visual/verbal and sequential/global learning styles. Because of this it is important to remember that a variety of training methods be incorporated into the training and it is also important to remember that there will be modules of the training that will be more effective for some trainees than others.

Establishment Health Centres Remote Villages Health And Social Care Essay

â€Å" Constitution of Rural Health Centres in distant small towns of Developing States to supply basic wellness installations every bit good as wellness instruction to adult females for baby health care † Introduction A bulk of population depends to a great extent upon authorities plans to run into its wellness attention demands. Poor wellness attention indexs such as maternal and infant mortality demonstrate that these demands are non frequently met. Preventable and catching diseases are the major causes of high mortality rates and lend to a great extent to the load of unwellness in developing states like Pakistan. The load of hapless wellness falls disproportionately upon adult females and kids. Infant mortality is high. A high per centum of kids experience multiple episodes of diseases and their nutrition degrees are unequal. Womans of childbearing age face high incidences of anaemia. Poor nutrition degrees and ill planned gestations exacerbate the wellness conditions of destitute adult females. Additionally, wellness attention is most frequently unavailable for these sections of the population. In the early 1990s, the orientation of the state ‘s medical system, including medical instruction, favored the elite. There has been a pronounced roar in private clinics and infirmaries since the late eightiess and a corresponding, unfortunate impairment in services provided by nationalized infirmaries. In 1992 there was merely one doctor for every 2,127 individuals, one nurse for every 6,626 individuals, and merely one infirmary for every 131,274 individuals. In 1992 some 35 million Pakistanis, or about 30 per centum of the population, were unable to afford nutritionally equal nutrient or to afford any nonfood points at all. Of these, 24.3 million lived in rural countries, where they constituted 29 per centum of the population. Urban countries, with tierce of the national population, had a poorness rate of 26 per centum. The Ministry of Population Welfare has been chiefly responsible for household planning services since the 60 ‘s. However, the Ministry of Health with its larger service bringing web has a greater portion of duty of supplying generative wellness services. In peculiar, the National Programmed for FP and PHC represents the largest graduated table intercession for the bringing of FP and RH services in the signifier of the Lady Health Workers ( LHW ) now integrated with the Village based household be aftering workers. Another index of increasing integrating of generative wellness services is the jointly formulated National Reproductive Health Services Package, which clearly defines the precedence countries for intercession and preparation. 2.0 Literature Review HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IN PAKISTAN National Public Health and Social Welfare is a recent invention in Pakistan. In pre-partition India the British provided wellness attention for Government workers and established several major infirmaries, but did little for the staying population. Limited resources and trouble in organizing national and provincial duty for wellness attention have hampered betterments since this clip. National Health planning began in the 1960 ‘s and the Government embarked on a major wellness enterprise with significant donor aid from the World Bank. This programmed is aiming maternal wellness, control of epidemics, preparation of female paramedics and bettering the direction of Provincial Health Depts. There was a pronounced addition in the Numberss of private infirmaries and clinics in the 1980 ‘s with a corresponding diminution in service provided by the nationalized services. For case in 1992 there was one doctor per 2,127 people, one infirmary per 131,274 people and between 1985 and 1991, 12.9 million people had no entree to wellness attention. Mortality rates remain high, peculiarly for the under 5 ‘s. The following are the basic wellness service bringing systems in Pakistan: Primary Health Care Facilities Primary Health Care installations include dispensaries, Maternal and Child Health Centres ( MCHC ) , Family Welfare Centres ( FWC ) , Basic Health Units ( BHUs ) and Rural Health Centres ( RHCs ) . Each Union Council, which has a population scope from ten to twenty five thousand people, is, in rule, promised at least one primary wellness attention installation. A brief description of these mercantile establishments is given below: Dispensaries are managed by male paramedics or physicians and offer minor remedy services. MCHCs are managed by female paramedics ( Lady Health Visitors – LHVs ) .They provide basic prenatal attention, natal, post-natal and household planning services, and intervention of minor complaints to adult females. Family Welfare Centres ( FWC ) are the service bringing Centres of the Population Welfare Program operated by paramedics and community development workers. There are two types of FWCs: The inactive units cater to the Reproductive Health demands of a population of 5-7 thousand people and the nomadic units supply services to 15-20 thousand people. Situated in urban slums and rural backwoods countries, they are designed to supply services to the whole household, peculiarly in the country of generative wellness. For widening outreach, they seek community support and engagement. Basic Health Units ( BHUs ) provide wellness attention services to a population of up to 10 1000 and are typically staffed by a male general responsibility physician, an LHV and a dispenser. They offer first degree remedy attention, MCH attention, household planning and preventative services to the population of the country. Rural Health Centres ( RHCs ) provide extended outpatient services and some inmate services, normally limited to short-run observation and intervention of patients who do non necessitate transportation to a higher-level installation. They serve a population of about 25 – 50 thousand people, with a staff of about 30 including 3 to 4 physicians and a figure of paramedics. They typically have 10-20 beds with X-ray, research lab and minor surgery installations. These services do non include bringing and exigency obstetric services. Secondary Health Care Facilities These include Tehsil and District central office infirmaries. Tehsil Headquarters offer basic inmate services every bit good as outpatient services. They serve a population of about 100 – 300 thousand people. They typically have 40-80 beds and appropriate support services including X-ray, research lab and surgery installations. Specialists such as accoucheurs and gynaecologists, general sawboness and baby doctors are included in the staff District Headquarters Hospitals serve a population of approximately 1 to 2 million people and supply a scope of specializer attention in add-on to basic infirmary and outpatient services. They typically have about 100-125 beds. Secondary degree of attention is the most critical nexus between basic and specialised wellness attention services. Unfortunately, this degree excessively, like primary wellness attention, has been uneffective in run intoing its marks in service bringing due to improper fiscal allotments, direction insufficiencies, embezzlement of work force and diagnostic installations and unequal exigency services. The utilization rates of these installations, hence, have been less than optimal. Tertiary Health Care Facilities Tertiary attention services are provided chiefly through learning infirmaries in major metropoliss. The installations offered at these infirmaries include exigency attention ; outpatient and inmate attention for a assortment of fortes and sub-specialties along with extended diagnostic installations. A major part of wellness allotments are consumed by third attention installations adding to the grudges of the primary and secondary attention installations. Health PROGRAMS RELATED TO WOMEN AND INFANT CARE The wellness plan giving particular focal point to major public wellness jobs of the state are discussed as follows: National Program for Family Planning & A ; Primary Health Care The chief push of the plan is to widen the primary wellness attention and household planning services to the communities through trained lady wellness workers ( LHWs ) all over the state. At present, the Program is covering 50 % population, chiefly in the rural and urban slum country. The plan envisages that by the twelvemonth 2003, 100,000 LHWs in the field of household planning and wellness attention services will be trained and with such a strength of LHWs, 70 % of the population will be covered. There is 9100 trained wellness installation staff and 1300 LHWs who are involved in the preparation and supervising of the LHWs. Selection of another batch of 1000 supervisors is completed and their preparation in afoot. During the surpassing financial twelvemonth, Rs.1200 million has been allocated for the execution of the plan with extra allotment of Rs.983 million has besides been allocated during the current twelvemonth ( 2001-2002 ) . 3.0 Statement of Problem â€Å" Constitution of Rural Health Centres in distant small towns of Developing States to supply basic wellness installations every bit good as wellness instruction to adult females for baby health care † 4.0 Research Design The undermentioned subdivision lay down the way that led to the formation of research design and justification of the methodological analysis selected to accomplish the above stated aims. 4.1 Research Paradigm The method that was adopted to make research was the aggregation of informations through secondary beginnings. This method is used because it was non easy to roll up primary informations for this subject and quality secondary information was available from assorted beginnings Interviews were besides conducted with wellness attention practicians to hold more in-depth position of the job being addressed. 4.1.1 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS Primary information was collected through Interview Questionnaire development A pre-interview questionnaire was developed. All inquiries were qualitative, and unfastened ended. Observation Fiscal Records 4.2 Data Collection, Analysis and Interpretation The information will be collected from the undermentioned beginnings for qualitative research and analysis through statistical tool and graphical representation of questionnaire. Interviews from wellness attention practicians, educationalist, Secondary information was gathered through books, Internet, official publications and assorted libraries. 4.3 Aim Pakistan has a high baby and maternal mortality rate, which is a load on the system. It is one of the major jobs of our state and batch of resources are spend to minimise this job, but still the authorities is non able to command this high baby and maternal mortality rate. This is a major issue because the resources, which are being spent, which can be used for other developmental intents besides. This survey is important because it addresses this job and provides an penetration to the significance, causes, effects and declaration of this job. What basic wellness installations and instruction is being provided by these RHCs to adult females for infant health care. What jobs are predominating sing maternal and infant health care and recommendations to be given with regard to the jobs. 4.4 Verification, Validity & A ; Reliability Silverman ( 2000 ) has stressed on the fact that credibleness is indispensable for all research whether it be qualitative or quantitative in nature. The research worker will seek to show credibleness of research by supplying good quality research. Researcher will seek to put aside the preconceived thoughts about the phenomenon under consideration and showing the true contemplation of the informations obtained from the sample. Lincoln and Guba ( 1985 ) states the trustiness involves the undermentioned elements: cogency or credibleness, objectiveness or conformability, dependability or dependableness, and genrealizability or transferability. 4.4.1 Validity or Credibility Cogency of the information refers to the truth and preciseness of the informations ( Denscombe, 2007 ) . The research worker will seek to inquire the appropriate research inquiries from the interviewee. The sample selected from the Pakistan Telecom industry will assist the research worker to roll up the valid information which will ease in the probe of the subject under geographic expedition. 4.4.2 Dependability The research worker will see that the research instrument used in the research i.e. qualitative research to be impersonal and consistent across multiple occasions of usage. The research worker will seek to analyze the informations in such a manner that if any other research worker use the same research instrument will bring forth the same consequences. 4.5 SCOPE & A ; LIMITATIONS To roll up first manus cognition for this thesis, rural countries all developing states particularly from Pakistan had to be visited which required batch of fiscal resources. This meant disbursement immense sum of financess to roll up primary informations through study, which might be possible for big organisations like authorities or NGO ‘s etc. , but when sing an person it is non possible. Datas were conductuted through observations and past records were due to their easy handiness. Bibliography hypertext transfer protocol: //webapps01.un.org/nvp/frontend! policy.action? id=502 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.prcs.org.pk/health.asp hypertext transfer protocol: //www.womenofchina.cn/Policies_Laws/Policies/17088.jsp hypertext transfer protocol: //www.muhammadyunus.org/Social-Business/grameen-healthcare/ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC383386/ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pide.org.pk/Mimap/Report06.pdf hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dawn.com/2003/01/31/letted.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //www1.infopak.gov.pk/public/govt/ministry_population_welfare.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mopw.gov.pk hypertext transfer protocol: //www.phaef.org/HEinPak.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pap.org.pk/Edu.htm

Holistic care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Holistic care - Essay Example The researcher states that holistic care may generally utilize various healthcare forms, ranging from conventional medication to any substitute therapy for treating patients. The holistic care approach is regarded as a treatment center wherein the patients are to be treated as an entire individual. This particular approach is often viewed to be a set of procedures that are related to traditional treatment methods, delivering effective healthcare to the individuals. The fundamental, physical, psychological along with social care requirements for Errol can be identified through using a holistic approach which is associated with traditional treatment method. These have been discussed in the following discussion. In the fundamental aspect of the traditional holistic approach, deliverance of effective healthcare to a patient can be duly considered as one of the decisive constituents in promoting better quality service. The fundamental requirement of traditional based holistic approach dem ands a better interrelation between the care providers and the ones receiving care. In relation to the case of Errol, the fundamental requirement would be to seek a doctor’s advice, as his health condition degraded daily. He has developed a lot of ill habits in order to get rid of his problems. To get free of the ill habits, Errol requires practicing certain good habits and most vitally leaving drinking habit as well. The physical care requirements typically refer to the offering of effective healthcare to the patients suffering from any sort of disease. One of the physical requirements which are needed for Errol can be the intake of the medicines, prescribed by the practitioner for the improvement of his health condition. Moreover, Errol must consider the suggestions of the doctor and follow the instructions accordingly in order to enhance his health condition.

Contracts Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Contracts - Assignment Example Normally an author is familiar with the limited terms of publishing like paperback mass market edition, hardcover edition, and e-book kindle edition etc. But if a book hits the market and creates waves, there are many avenues for financial gains, which unless secured through the contract, the author may lose their benefit. Apart from the main right of getting royalty on the copies sold, there are many subsidiary rights. If the book is accepted for publication by old, reputed publishing houses, the author can enjoy a sense of security about his financial interests. I have gone through the article "A Contract Primer: Subsidiary Rights" at this website: (http://www.mindyklasky.com/index.php/for-writers/a-contract-primer-subsidiary-rights/) and find that most of the interests of the author have been listed out and protected through the agreement. When a dispute unfortunately occurs, it is all about interpretation in the context of the situation whether the publisher has violated the primary or secondary rights. Then there are practical problems with the author. A Publishing House generally has resources and the legal department to fight the cases. For an individual author, it is difficult to spare money and time for the legal exercise, unless the stakes are very high and the book has become extraordinarily popular. 1. Payments are made to the author at half yearly rests in most of the cases. 10% of the print value of the book is a small amount. This is the internet age. The amount payable to the author must be credited to his bank account or paid through any other payment methods like PayPal, instantly, when a copy is sold. The authors must get the payments on daily basis. It is worth noting that the booksellers ship the book when they get advance payment from the buyers through credit card. 3. When the book gets any awards, 50% of the same is retained by the publishers. This is an unfair labor practice. The authors must get

Forum 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Forum 2 - Assignment Example All the books place an importance over the Gospels, New Testament, and the Holy Spirit. Theology is an evident element of all three books that explain the functioning of evangelism, church, and the ministry. My understanding of ministry often overlooked the importance of biblical theology in determining and directing ministry activities. In many instances, I felt that the ministry work was an activity independent of scriptural backing. However, I have now understood that ministry of the Holy Spirit cannot be isolated as a separate entity but it greatly depends on the things said by God in the Gospels. Tidball (2008) has explored different aspects of leadership in the pastoral sense to scrutinize the ministry practices as they are situated in a specific cultural context or is influenced by the church setting. So, I have learnt that pastoral leadership is supported by the gospels because it is about serving God in His way. 2) In my understanding of pastoral leadership or ministry, a transformation would involve a positive change such that it inspires others to break away from their problems in order to find the way of the truth. Because much of my understanding states that ministry is truly about following God’s way of serving, this process would also involve an augmentation of faith not only in God but also in oneself that we also have a purpose on Earth. Hence, the spirit-energized transformation would likely make a strong individual and one who has faith, which also means that the individual is guided by God’s grace away from sins. This would create an atmosphere of positivity thereby inspiring others. A change in virtues would occur where compassion and humbleness may symbolize the transformation to help others and lead them to the way of right. The transformation would be more positive and would inspire others. Also, the transformation would be more spiritual in nature involving an internal change that is more

Leadership Among Senior Managers in an Organization Research Paper

Leadership Among Senior Managers in an Organization - Research Paper Example The research will be conducted at Sky Digital which is a digital satellite broadcaster for the UK. They have 8.1 million customers and are still growing. The broadcasting industry is going through a very competitive phase, and it becomes necessary that staff in senior positions stay achievement oriented and focus on personal growth. This is essential because it impacts company performance.   The research question examines the level of existing need for achievement and personal growth among 900 senior managers in the cancellation department of Sky Digital. For the purpose of this study 100 randomly selected managers will be surveyed. 1. A one on one interview will be conducted with 100 randomly selected senior managers of the cancellation department for open-ended questions. For closed-ended questions, the response sheet will be left with the manager and anonymity will be maintained. The selection of managers will be based on simple random/probability sampling method. The lottery me thod will be used. A list of all senior managers in the cancellation department will be obtained from the HR department and every 3rd manager will be selected for the survey. 2. As and when data is collected, the responses to the survey will be updated in an excel spreadsheet. To survey the achievement needs of senior managers, a questionnaire is prepared, adapted from the achievement motivation scale published by W.W.Norton and Company (n.d.). A question is formulated for each attribute critical to need for achievement, to ascertain whether a manager manifests the need for achievement. The questionnaire has mostly close-ended questions but also includes open-ended questions to help analyse the organization’s role in supporting these managerial attitudes. Since senior managers give direction to the company and are responsible for motivating their subordinates, it is necessary that they exhibit a high level of need for achievement and personal growth. This is the reason for th e project proposed.

Psychology- theorist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Psychology- theorist - Essay Example Through the above theories, human behavior will be properly analyzed and illustrated using one character trait that I posses. Human behavior is explained to be the characteristic conscious or subconscious activities that people adopt (Watkins, 1998). For example, I am characteristically judgmental when people do me wrong. I tend to assume that people are totally responsible for their actions and mistakes. This has been a tough issue between me and my acquaintances because I always assume the role of the judge when problems arise even in cases of accidents. The curiosity to understand why I am judgmental prompted me to try and understand the theories that might provide possible solutions to my investigation. The theories include the Freud, Jung, Adler, Erikson, Allport, Cattell & Eysenk, Skinner, Bandura and Mischel, Kelly, Rogers and Maslow, and May  theories (Willingham, 2006). The theories utilize human behavior to analyze the possible and common precursors to the phenomenon. The following paper is an essay describing the various theories, their assumptions and considerations which will try and explain the reasons why human beings adopt certain behaviors while still trying to unravel the reason why I am judgmental. Throughout the past centuries, humans have been credited with different life tendencies and habits which are often considered natural. As described by Watkins (1998, p 92), ‘a person is easily identified by his behavioral trends and habits which are unique’. The reasons why people are different has been investigated and explained in depth in a number of theories. To tackle the issue adequately, certain explanations and theories will be utilized. For starters, the Freud theory that explores the three human factors that surround the human personality. In his theory, Freud had utilized three levels of awareness, namely the conscious, subconscious and the precautious (Claire, 2007). He explains that the conscious includes only our current

Different Views on Assisted suicide (I Agree with Assisted Suicide) Essay

Different Views on Assisted suicide (I Agree with Assisted Suicide) - Essay Example In other words, medical profession is intended for saving life rather than destroying it. On the other hand, there are many people who believe that assisted suicide should be allowed legally in order to avoid the pain, agony and discomfort of the patients in no hope conditions. In their opinion, nobody wants to sustain their lives in miserable conditions, if the hope for a survival is completely out of question. Under such circumstances, it is better to assist those people in finishing their lives rather than forcing them to suffer the pain and agony further. In this paper I argue in favour of assisted suicide after analysing both the sides of the issue. Arguments against assisted suicide The major argument against assisted suicide is with respect to the ethical issues involved in it. â€Å"Many faith groups within Christian, Muslim, Jewish and other religions believe that God gives life and therefore only God should take it away† (Info: Ethical aspects of PAS, n. d.). Religio ns argue that life is the blessing of God and man has no authority over it. God has created human life on earth for certain missions. He takes the life back only after the completion of the mission assigned to each person. Disallowing God to complete his missions is unethical according to religions. Religions also argue that a life is waiting for every human after his death and in order to prepare for that life, God has given miseries to human in his present life. It is the duty of the human to go through all these mysteries in order to claim an eternal life after death. Religions believe that assisted suicide will prevent a person from attaining eternal life or salvation. Another argument raised by critics of assisted suicide is based on the importance of human life on earth. Even though, human succeeded in collecting information about outer universe or planets, still his knowledge about this universe is extremely limited. Science does not have any idea about whether life persists in other planets or not. In other words, earth is the only planet in which life exists as per the evidences we have until now. Thus, life becomes most precious thing in this universe. Since human has superior intellectual power, human life seems to be the most important one among other life forms and it should not be destroyed under any circumstances. The chemistry of life is still unknown to science even though we are living in a most advanced era at present. Human succeeded in unveiling many mysteries; however, the secret behind life is still uncatchable to them. Once the life is being destroyed, nobody can give it back to a person. In short, human life is the most important thing in this universe and it should not be destroyed, according to the arguments of critics of assisted suicide. The third argument against assisted suicide is related to philosophy. Many of the prominent philosophers like Immanuel Kant, John Locke etc were argued against the assisted suicide in one way or ot her. Locke argued that life, like liberty, represents an inalienable right, which cannot be taken from, or given away by, an individual. For Kant, suicide was a paradigmatic example of an action that violates moral responsibility. Kant believed that the proper end of rational beings requires self-preservation, and that suicide would therefore be inconsistent with the fundamental value of human life (Chapter 5: The Ethical Debate, 2001,

War 1812 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

War 1812 - Assignment Example The 1812 war had a number of heroes as well as heroines, whereby the most common being Andrew Jackson and James Madison. Whereas Madison has recognition due to his role in drafting the Virginia state constitution, Conversely, Andrew Jackson is remembered for the role he played, whereby alongside Tennessee and Kentucky volunteers, he managed to defeat the British army (Hickey). According to Cantor, the war acted as a watershed moment for the entire state’s development program. This is because through it US came up with a much stronger national defense system that apart from providing justification for the navy, it also altered the nation’s attitude, for instance, strengthening of the central governance (Cantor). After the war, US realized that apart from one’s physical appearance, professionalism also plays a major role when it comes to military prowess. It is due to this that it established a number of military academies, for instance, Citadel as well as US Coast guard academy. Military academies play a major role in offering skills that one ought to have before going to the battlefield. The new system has proved to be quite effective; this is due to the numerous times it has been put to test, for instance, when the US went to war with Afghanistan and after years of intensive fighting, it emerged victorious, though it suffered a numbe r of casualties

Symbolism in The Glass Menagerie Research Paper

Symbolism in The Glass Menagerie - Research Paper Example The author of the play uses appropriate symbols in the play all of which enhance his development of the conflict among the characters as the analysis below portrays. Tennessee uses a number of symbols in the play. The first and the most conspicuous among which is the fire escape. The fire escape means different things and plays different roles to different characters in the play. The fire represents a bridge for the characters who use it to break through to the real world from their illusionary environments. For Tom, the main character and the narrator of the story, the fire escape offers him an efficient escape from the nagging world that comprises of his mother Amanda and sister Laura. Tom often stands out of the fire escape to smoke (Cohn 121). This offers him an opportunity to reflect and meditate away from his family that nags him constantly. Additionally, the fact that he cannot smoke when with the two portrays the lack of freedom and the confinement he feels when with them thereby compelling him to break free into his free and real world where he enjoys the precious smoke. The fire escape provides Laura with a way into her world. The fire escape represents a systematic way that takes Laura into her world. In scene four, Amanda sends Laura to the store. On her way out of the house, Laura slips on the fire escape. The slip is a strategic inclusion in the plot of the scene since it shows the extent of Laura’s emotions and fears, her inability to pass the fire escape successfully without slipping shows her inability to control herself given her shy personality. The fire escape therefore shows her inability to escape her intimidating world. Amanda is the boss who influences the actions within the fire escape. She controls the other characters and nags at Tom thereby making it difficult for the two to live their lives naturally. However, she does not pursue the two characters past the fire escape. Tom walks out

Civil liberties during war-time Essay Example for Free

Civil liberties during war-time Essay Civil Liberties are for example freedom of speech and freedom of the press as defined by the first amendment. These freedoms have been challenged by the threat of war, but should they be taken away because of it? The first amendment states that Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. These are our civil liberties that we are promised as citizens of the U.S. In the past these liberties have been interfered with. The main cause for this interference was war. The government wanted to abolish any chances of treason or leaking of information to the enemies and to do this they passed act such as the Alien and Sedition Acts. The Alien and Sedition Acts made it illegal to write, print, speak, or publish anything false or untrue about to United States. We can understand how certain precautions must be made to insure safety in times of war but to go so far as to take away our freedoms are out of bounds. There are numerous other ways to make us safe without interfering with our liberties. For example: tighter security. After 9/11 security became very tight at airports and other areas where terrorists might be able to enter the country. Although this extra security was tedious and time consuming to get through, it was well within the lines of the 1st amendment because it did not take away any of our freedoms. I do not believe that our civil liberties should be taken away during wartime. This is a democracy and should remain one whether engaged in war or not. The government can think of more ways to protect us other than limiting our freedoms of speech or of the press, and certainly without interfering with our privacy unless there is just cause to do so.

Techniques For Airflow Rate Measurements

Techniques For Airflow Rate Measurements My company is setting up an experiment to measure the airflow rate in a duct. Airflow measurement techniques are necessary especially in many industries. Some of the common airflow measuring applications include ventilation testing, air balancing, ductwork, air planes and so on. Many research and studies have been put into improving and inventing new equipments to measure air flow. This is so to enable user to get the most accurate result and at the same time using the least cost. This report outlines the different airflow measurement techniques and devices that are available today. There are many different types and ways to measure air flow but I will concentrate on those that are more popular and commonly used. They are the Pitot-tube, Orifice plate, Venturi meter, Cup anemometer, Sphere anemometer and Hot-Wire anemometer. Techniques and devices for airflow rate measurements 2.1 Pitot tube A pitot-static tube is used in wind tunnel experiments and on airplanes to measure the air flow rate. It is also used in many industrial applications. It was invented by the French engineer Henri Pitot in the early 1700s and was later modified to its modern form in the mid 1800s by French scientist Henry Darcy. It is a slender tube that has two holes on it (Figure 1). The front hole is placed in the airstream to measure whats called the stagnation pressure. The side hole measures the static pressure. By measuring the difference between these pressures, we are able to get the dynamic pressure that can be used to calculate the air velocity. By Bernoullis principle, Stagnation pressure = static pressure + dynamic pressure Solving that for velocity we get: Where V: fluid velocity; pt: stagnation or total pressure; ps: static pressure; à Ã‚ : fluid density Figure 1: Pitot-Static Tube The incorporation of sensors to measure the air temperature, barometric pressure, and relative humidity can further increase the accuracy of the velocity and flow measurements. The Pitot tube can also measure the velocity with the use of a pressure transducer that generates an electrical signal which is proportional to the difference between the pressures generated by the total pressure and the static pressure. The volumetric flow is then calculated by measuring the average velocity of an air stream passing through a passage of a known diameter. When measuring volumetric flow, the passage of a known diameter must be designed to reduce air turbulence as the air mass flows over the Pitot tube. To obtain an estimate of the volumetric flow in the duct from a series of pitot-static tube velocity measurements, one must integrate the velocity over the duct area. There are many of different methods for approximating the above integral. One of the methods is to divide the duct cross-section into a number of equal area sectors, and then measure the average velocity at the center of each sectors. For example, we can divide the cross-section of the duct in the figure below: The velocity will be by calculating the sum: 2.1.1 Advantages and Disadvantages The advantages of using pitot-static tube is that it can be inserted in small airstream and it presents little resistance to flow. It is simple, inexpensive and suited for a variety of environmental conditions including extremely high temperatures and a wide range of pressures. The disadvantages would be that if the flow rate is low, the difference in pressures will be too small to accurately measure with the transducer. If the air flow is high (supersonic), assumptions of Bernoullis equation will be violated and thus leading us to wrong measurement. Furthermore, if the tubes are clogged, the reading by the transducer will be inaccurate resulting in dire consequence in the context on airplane. Icing of the pitot tube had caused plane to crash. 2.2 Orifice Plate Orifice plate is used for flow rate measuring in pipe systems. An orifice plate is placed in a pipe containing a fluid flow, which constricts the smooth flow of the fluid inside the pipe. By restricting the flow, the orifice meter causes a pressure drop across the plate. By measuring the difference between the two pressures across the plate, the orifice meter determines the flow rate through the pipe. Figure 2: Orifice Plate in a duct Applying Bernoullis equation to a streamline flowing down the axis of the tube gives, Where, P: pressure à Ã‚ : density of the fluid V: Velocity of the fluid As shown in the above diagram(Figure 2), point 1 is upstream of the orifice, and point 2 is behind the orifice. It is recommended that point 1 be positioned one pipe diameter upstream of the orifice, and point 2 be positioned one-half pipe diameter downstream of the orifice. Since the pressure at 1 will be higher than the pressure at point 2, the pressure difference will be a positive quantity. From continuity equation, the velocities can be replaced by cross-sectional areas of the flow and the volumetric flow rate Q, Where, A: cross sectional area Solving for the volumetric flow rate Q gives, The above equation remains true with perfectly laminar, inviscid flows. As for real flows like water or air, we have to take into account of the viscosity and turbulence that are present .To account for this effect, a discharge coefficient Cd is introduced into the above equation to marginally reduce the flow rate Q, Since the actual flow profile at point 2 downstream of the orifice is quite complicated, the following substitution introducing a flow coefficient Cf is made, Where, Ao: area of the orifice As a result, the volumetric flow rate Q for real flows is given by the equation, The flow coefficient Cf is found from experiments and is tabulated in reference books. It ranges from 0.6 to 0.9 for most orifices. Since it depends on the orifice and pipe diameters (as well as the Reynolds Number), one will often find Cf tabulated versus the ratio of orifice diameter to inlet diameter, sometimes defined as b, The mass flow rate can be found by multiplying Q with the fluid density, There are mainly 3 different types of orifice plates. They are Concentric, Segmental and Eccentric. This is to accommodate for different applications so that the meter has the optimum structure. The density and viscosity of the fluid, and the shape and width of the pipe do influence the choice of plate shape to be used. The concentric orifice is the most common of the 3 types. In this design, the orifice is equidistant. It is generally used for clean liquid and gas flow in pipes under six inches, where Reynolds numbers range from 20, 000 to 107. We will therefore use concentric orifice for our experiment purposes. ( which deals with air). Segmental orifice is similar to concentric orifice with regard to its functioning. The circular section is concentric with the pipe while the segmental part is mounted in a horizontal pipe. This installation helps to eliminate of foreign materials on the upstream side of the orifice. Eccentric orifice plates are designed in such a way that the edge of the orifice is reallocated towards the interior of the pipe wall. It is used in similar manner as the segmental orifice plate. Figure 3 below shows the different types of orifice plates: 2.2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages With no moving parts and a simple design, the orifice is easily machined. It is low lost and can be easily inserted into a duct or an existing pipeline with a minimum alteration to the layout. Therefore orifice plate has been a popular device for flow measurement. The disadvantage is that it creates a rather large non-recoverable pressure due to the turbulence around the plate, leading to high energy consumption (Foust, 1981). 2.3 Venturi meter Most of the unrecoverable loss of pressure with an orifice is due to the sudden change in the cross sectional area. The sudden increase of area after the air passes the section of minimum area: the rapid convergence of the stream on the upstream side contributes considerably to the total loss. We are able to recover most of the pressure by leading the stream with the use of a conical length of pipe, with its smaller end of the same cross section as the jet, and gradually expanding in size along the direction of flow until the full pipe diameter is reached. An arrangement of this kind, with a conical entry is known as a venturi tube. The Venturi effect is named after Giovanni Battista Venturi (1746-1822), an Italian physicist. A venturi meter consists of a cylindrical length, a converging length with an included angle of 20o or more, and short parallel throat, and a diverging section with an included angle of about 6o. The internal finishes and proportions are designed in such a way to enable us to achieve the most accurate readings while ensuring minimum head losses. Assuming that the fluid is inviscid with no losses due to viscosity, the velocity at section 1 and 2 are V 1 and V 2 respectively. The velocities are steady and uniform over areas A 1 and A 2 Applying Bernoullis equation to a streamline passing along the axis between the two sections ( 1 2 ). Where, V:Velocity of the fluid P: Pressure à Ã‚ : density of the fluid Z: Height Using continuity equation, Q = A1 V 1 = A 2 V 2 When real world effects such as fluid friction and turbulence are included a correction factor, called the coefficient of discharge, Cd is introduced into the venturi equation giving For low viscosity fluids C d = 0,98. 2.3.1 Advantages and Disadvantages The venturi tube introduces substantially lower non-recoverable pressure drops (Foust, 1981). Therefore venture tube can be used on more viscous fluid. However it has limited range ability. It must be used only on installations where the flow rate is well known and varies less than 3 to 1. It is rather expensive and should be flow calibrated to provide accuracy into the range of +/- 1.00%, Units are big and weigh more than comparable head devices and thus making it difficult to install and inspect. 2.4 Anemometer An anemometer, also known as wind vane is a device for measuring the air flow rate in a contained flow such as duct or unconfined flow. The term is derived from the Greek word anemos, meaning wind. In around 1450, the Italian art architect Leon Battista Alberti invented the first mechanical anemometer which consisted of a disk placed perpendicular to the wind. To determine the velocity, an anemometer detects change in some physical property of the fluid or the effect of the fluid on a mechanical device inserted into the flow. They are probably best used mounted on light, preferably streamlined, supports and inserted into the airstream from one side. 2.4.1 Cup anemometer This device consists of three or four hemispherical cups mounted at the ends of horizontal spokes which rotates about a low-friction vertical shaft. An electrical device is used to record the revolutions of the cups and measures the air flow rate. (Figure below) As the anemometer is placed inside the flow stream, the concave surfaces of the cups have higher wind resistance than their convex counterparts and thus producing an unbalanced moment with respect to the center axis. This forces the cups to rotate (see schematic). Under steady flow condition, the rotational speed of the anemometer is directly related to the wind speed, that is: V=rw. There are number of fundamental physical parameters and characteristics of an anemometer that affects the cup anemometer performance. They are: rotor arm length cup area rotor inertia drag coefficient on convex face of cup drag coefficient on concave face of cup static, dynamic and parabolic mechanical friction coefficients for temperature range sensitivity characteristic to out-of-plane attack linearised calibration curve. A well designed cup anemometer should have the following characteristics as shown in the Figure 4 below: Let us examine a cup anemometer rotating at speed w in a free wind speed U: The instantaneous aerodynamic torque on the rotor, MA, is given by: where A: frontal area of the anemometer r: the air density Cdv : drag coefficients for the concave faces of cup Cdx drag coefficients for the convex faces of cup In the steady state, there is perfect torque balance (MA=0), and the equation reduces to: defining l and  µ as the speed and drag ratios respectively: allows further re-expression in a quadratic form: Typical values of Cdv and Cdx are 1.4 and 0.4 respectively, giving a value of  µ of 3.5. The above equation predicts that the consequential speed ratio l will be 0.303, meaning the rotor will rotate at about one third of the wind speed. Note that this solution also proves the theoretically linear sensitivity of the cup anemometer to wind speed. It also shows that the speed ratio is dependent on the drag characteristics of the cup and not the size. Furthermore, the rotational speed is inversely proportional to rotor radius. 2.4.2 Advantages and disadvantages The advantages of the cups are their reliability and ruggedness. The disadvantages are the relatively high threshold velocity (the minimum wind velocity needed to start the cups to turn). It is mainly used to only measure the horizontal component of the wind. Another problem with cup anemometry is the different response time for increasing and decreasing wind velocities due to its moment of inertia. This results in an overestimation of wind speed under turbulent wind conditions as present in nature, the so-called over-speeding. Additionally, the rotation of the anemometer causes a wear of bearing and leads to a recalibrations with time. 2.5 Sphere anemometer Many research and studies have gone into the improving of such a device (Cup anemometer). For example, the sphere anemometer. It was developed at the University of Oldenburg. This sphere anemometer, as shown in figure 4 below, is able to measure the air flow rate as well as simultaneous detection of the air flow direction. It eliminates the problem of wear of bearing as encountered in cup anemometer. Figure 5: The sphere anemometer uses the relationship between the point force F acting on the tip of a rod and its resulting deflection s. (1) Where l: the length of the rod E: the elasticity modulus Ja: the second moment of area. In case of the sphere anemometer, with a sphere radius r much bigger than the radius of the rod rR, the force can be assumed to act only on the tip. The second moment of area is then given by (2) Together with the force acting on the sphere (3) where cd: the drag coefficient of the sphere A: the cross section of the sphere ÃŽÂ ¡: the density of air V: the wind velocity Equation 1 becomes (4) Therefore the deflection of the rod is proportional to the drag coefficient cd and the wind velocity squared. For a calibration it is necessary to know how the drag coefficient cd changes with wind velocities. Table 1 below shows the drag coefficient of a sphere plotted against the Reynolds number (Re) (cf [1]). It can be seen that for Reynolds numbers in the range from about 800 to 200000 the change in drag coefficient cd is negligible. For a sphere with a radius r = 40mm this range in Re corresponds to a range in wind velocities from 0.17m/s to 38m/s using where v = 1.51 x 10-5 m2/s is the kinematic viscosity of air. Within this velocity range the deflection s of the rod is directly proportional to the wind velocity squared. With this direct relation it is easy to calibrate the sphere anemometer over a wide range of wind velocities. Table 1: 2.6 Hot wire anemometer Thermal anemometry is the most common method used to measure instantaneous fluid velocity. The technique depends on the convective heat loss to the surrounding fluid from an electrically heated sensing element or probe. If only the fluid velocity varies, then the heat loss can be interpreted as a measure of that variable. Working Principle Its principle application is the measurement of rapid fluctuations, particularly the study of turbulent flow; in this field it is the only instrument with sufficiently rapid response, and the associated electronic equipment lends itself readily to signal processing needed to record directly such properties of a turbulence as r.m.s values, correlation functions, and spectral distributions. Governing equation Consider a thin heated wire mounted to supports and exposed to a velocity U Where, W: power generated by Joule heating (W=I2Rw) Q: heat transferred to surrounding Qi: CwTw=thermal energy stored in wire Cw: heat capacity of wire Tw: wire temperature The wire is heated electrically and placed in the flow stream. The energy balance of the heated wire at equilibrium is (equation 1): Where, I: an electric current Rw: the wire resistance h: the heat transfer coefficient A: the heat transfer area Tw: the wire temperature Tf: the fluid temperature D: wire diameter Kf: heat conductivity of fluid Nu: dimensionless heat transfer In the forced convection regime (0.02 Reynolds number: Re= (where r is the air density and U is the velocity and  µ is the air dynamic viscosity).(equation 2) Where Substituted Eq(2) into Eq(1), There are two types of hot-wire anemometer used in practice but I will touch on Constant Temperature Anemometer which is more commonly used. For a case of Constant Temperature Anemometer Where And The voltage is a measured of velocity U. 2.6.1 Advantages and disadvantages It has good frequency response as it can measure up to several hundred kHz possible. It is able to measure a wide range of velocity. It is small in size and has rapid response.- Thermal anemometry enjoys its popularity because the technique involves the use of very small probes that offer very high spatial resolution. The basic principles of the technique are relatively straightforward and the probes are difficult to damage if reasonable care is taken. However, deposition of impurities in flow on sensor can alter the calibration characteristics and reduce frequency response. Probe may or burnt out easily if not carefully taken care of. It is unable to fully map velocity fields that depend on space coordinates and simultaneously on time. Furthermore, it cannot work well in hostile environment like combustion. The wire diameter needs to be very small of the order of 0.02mm or less. Conclusion In this report, I have touched on the different techniques and different devices for the measurement of airflow. There are many different devices in the market but many use similar techniques with abit of new inventions or add ons here and there. Different airflow measuring devices utilize different technologies and thus, one needs to fully understand the characteristics, techniques and its pros and cons before selecting the optimal one for use. In summary, an ideal device to measure air flow rate should have the following characteristics good signal sensitivity. It should be able to detect output for small changes in velocity. High Frequency Response: to accurately follow transients without any time lag Wide velocity range Create minimal flow disturbance Good Spatial Resolution Inexpensive High Accuracy User friendly

Review Of The Catwoman Movie Film Studies Essay

Review Of The Catwoman Movie Film Studies Essay Warner Brothers Entertainment Inc. is the biggest American film and television production company. They produce huge amounts of movies in all genres with big budgets. The company had reached big successes since its founding year in 1903. In the past more than a hundred year its productions received many awards from different foundations. However the award received contains not only positive recognitions but also negative ones. How is it possible that a huge company like this makes mistakes that can lead to a bad reputation? What can be the mistakes they make? How do these mistakes affect the future of the staff of the company, the directors, the actors and the company itself? I would like to find the answers for these questions through a movie failure that was the biggest flop in the decade. I will examine as many aspects as possible that can lead a movie that is so eagerly awaited to a huge failure. To examine the aspects I will introduce you to the unsuccessful story of the 2004 movie Catwoman. 2. Who is the Catwoman? Catwoman, namely Selina Kyle has been described as the ultimate fantasy character who is a defender of the underdog who is not above the law when it comes to her own desires. She is not an ordinary woman due to her powerful strength. She is sleek, mysterious and thanks to the leather-clad, whip-wielding costume, ultra sexy. (Bowes, 2004) 2.1 History of catwoman There are many versions of the origin of Catwoman and back-story seen in comic books over the decades but it can primary be attached to the to the Batman Universe series as the most popular female character of the story. Batmans creator, Bob Kane was a great movie fan and his love for film provided the impetus for several Batman characters, among them, Catwoman. He wanted to attach a female character into the comic books to give them a sex appeal and someone who could appeal to female readers as a female Batman. I felt that women were feline creatures and men were more like dogs. While dogs are faithful and friendly, cats are cool, detached, and unreliable. I felt much warmer with dogs around me-cats are as hard to understand as women are. Men feel surer of themselves with a male friend than a woman. You always need to keep women at arms length. We dont want anyone taking over our souls, and women have a habit of doing that. So theres a love-resentment thing with women. I guess women will feel that Im being chauvinistic to speak this way, but I do feel that Ive had better relationships with male friends than women. With women, once the romance is over, somehow they never remain my friends. Kane 1989, pp. 107-108 That catwoman character appeared in huge numbers of cartoons over the decades. After it became very popular in this kind of media, others started to use it as their superhero. In 1966 catwoman appeared in the Batman television series then more than twenty years later in the success movie Batman Returns. In Batman Returns Selina Kyle is played by Michelle Pfeiffer. Here she is depicted as the lonely, frustrated, yet dutiful and efficient secretary of corrupt tycoon Max Shreck. After she accidentally discovers his plot to build a power plant that would steal Gothams electricity, Shreck pushes her out the window of his top story office. Selina is resurrected by a group of cats after her death and she is given powerful strength and characteristics of cats. She goes home and makes her cat costume herself and goes after her murderer. She also starts a romance with Batman and joins him in the chase of the evil head of the company. (IMDb) Batman Returns was first showed in 1992 and it received 6.9/10 stars with 80,751 votes on IMDb international movie database. This means that the movie was mainly liked by the public and critics. On its opening day on June 19 the movie earned $45.69 million which was the highest opening weekend of any movie released up to that point. The movie went to total of $266.83 million all together. It was the third highest grossing film in America of 1992 and the sixth worldwide. It received 14 nominations and 2 winner awards from 7 different institutions including the award by Golden Raspberry for Danny DeVito as worst supporting actor nominee. In 2004 another movie was released. This was the first catwoman release which stars the catwoman character as the main character which the movie is about. 3. Catwoman 2004: The Movie Catwoman is the story of shy, sensitive artist Patience Philips (Halle Berry), a woman who cant seem to stop apologizing for her own existence. She works as a graphic designer for Hedare Beauty, a mammoth cosmetics company on the verge of releasing a revolutionary anti-aging product. When Patience inadvertently happens upon a dark secret her employer is hiding, she finds herself in the middle of a corporate conspiracy. What happens next changes Patience forever. In a mystical twist of fate, she is transformed into a woman with the strength, speed, agility and ultra-keen senses of a cat. With her newfound prowess and feline intuition, Patience becomes Catwoman, a sleek and stealthy creature balancing on the thin line between good and bad. Like any wildcat, shes dangerous, elusive and untamed. (IMDb) She opens a box from her closet with an ultra tight skin showing leather costume. Her adventures are complicated by a burgeoning relationship with Tom Lone, a cop who has fallen for Patien ce but cannot shake his fascination with the mysterious Catwoman. The things around catwoman do not go easy as she is attached to many crimes happening in the city. However the only crime she is guilty of is breaking into a jewelry store and stealing jewels. Later she returns these and says sorry. Unfortunately, the city believes that this new creature is evil and causes most of the crimes happening in their city lately. Tom Lone tries to stop her but he does not know that Patience who he is already starting a relationship with is the same lady who he is trying to put behind bars. Reading the plots of Batman Returns and Catwoman a lot of similarities can be noticed. Actually the both stories of becoming catwomen are perfectly same as both ladies die by an evil company president and are resurrected as catwomen after their deaths. Selina is more focused on saving the innocent but Patience is not still clear about her purpose and she some bad things before realizing her real purpose. Still the biggest difference is the stories are the importance of the characters. Patience is the only main character who is the whole story about while Batman and Selina are sharing this spot. The movie was release on 23 July, 2004 in the United States but not even the Oscar-winner Halle Berry warmed the critics to the film. It was released some weeks after Spider-Man 2, Catwoman paled in comparison with that comic book adventure, which broke box office records. It is difficult to watch Catwoman prowling over city roofs without thinking Spiderman did the same trick with so much energy some weeks before. (Bowes, 2004) This was just one of the critics the movie received out of many after the release. There were many complaints regarding almost all aspects that can be examined in a movie. 3.1 Comparing Catwoman with the original character of the Batman movies When Box Office came up with the idea of creating a whole new movie about the so successful catwoman character of the Batman movies the biggest question was that can the new movie be accepted by the fans of Batman. How the changes in the story and the actors will affect the outcome of the movie? Who would be the best director, actors and actresses to choose to make a huge success? And there were so many questions could be raised and even Warner Bros. tried to make good choices for these questions it happened that they could not. They probably did not consider many aspects carefully enough and fell in a very embarrassing situation when the movie came out. 3.2 Pitof Jean-Christophe Pitof Comar is a French film and visual effect director primary known about the movies Vidocq and Catwoman. Pitof had never created a big budget American movie film before Catwoman. The only one movie he directed before was the French speaking Vidocq which received 6.5/10 rating on IMDb. Viewing his first movie as a success Warner Bros were brave enough to hire him for the direction for Catwoman. Probably that was the first and biggest mistake they made. (IMDb) Warner Bros probably chose him because of his good reputation of visual effects and they knew that the new movie will need to contain a whole bunch of these. Still it is very hard to image how could they chose and trust someone with $100 million who made only one movie before and that one was not even American. According critical reviews about the movie Pitof had made almost all the mistakes that can be made while creating a movie. This includes badly chosen actors and actresses, screen writings, time management, dialogues, framing, costumes. (Rotten Tomatoes, 2004-2005) 3.3 Actors One of the questions that was raised when Halle Berry was chosen as Catwoman was that can she match for the legendary performances of Eartha Kitt in 1960s Batman series or of Michelle Pfeiffer in Batman returns? According to reviews the answer was not even. There are many complaints with the choice of Halle Berry. According to critics her acting was over exaggerated while trying to be a cat. The character of Patience is no longer a human. Her inclination to hiss at dogs and devour canned fish, as well as her urge to bury her face in catnip, eventually convince her that something is going on. Unfortunately, the feline personality traits emerge in a rather clumsy fashion. You almost expect the character to seek out a litter tray or a scratch pole, just to prove the point of being a cat. (Bowes, 2004) Other complaints were about the color of the chosen actress. A critic commented on movie review site Rotten Tomatoes that It is like James Bond being black. It might sound very racist but if we think deeply into this statement it might be very abusing for fans that their favorite character is played by a so different actress than before. They expected Seline who is now Patinece to be similar as she was before but they received something else. Frances Conroy plays a reclusive cat lady, Ophelia who becomes the mentor of Patience. Her role is to explain what is pretty obvious already that the young woman had turned into a cat. Unfortunately Ophelia looks like she walked out of an episode of a funeral parlour drama and seems to be yearning for a decent line or two. (Bowes, 2004) Another big star comes up in the movie: Sharon Stone who plays the evil character but who in the first time in her career is not icy enough. According to rumors there were some problems with the actress during the shootings as she was so displeased of her role and the whole project that she did not take the shooting as serious and she actually answered her cell phone during the filming. This was not the only one thing that did not go easy during the filming but also Berry suffered an injury that landed her in the hospital when she crashed into a piece of equipment. These problems probably would have not happened if the planning and directing would have been more careful. Here is another point that can be written to the bill of Pitof. 3.4 Screening and dialogues Screenings and dialogues were so bad that some scenes needed to be reshot only thirty days before its scheduled release. Critics review that even the trailer of the movie was so bad but it could not be better anyways as there were not really as many good shots in the whole movie that could be chosen for the trailer. The final trailer was redone several times. How this could happen? We can say too many hands in the cookie jar because as many as 28 scribers worked on the scripts which led to very bad dialogues. Only the number of writers of the movie exceeded the usual number of writers of a movie: Bob Kane, Theresa Rebeck, Michael Ferris, John D. Brancato, John Rogers. The dialogues and the scenes did not match enough with storyline and even if Berry seemed like making a decent job to play her act she had a very difficult job when she were forced to utter laughable lines like Its over time. (Riemer, 2004) In the beginning sequence of the movie contains a montage of old newspaper cutting and ancient manuscripts about the history of the cat. It seems like the director suggests a depth to the film through this sequence but later it is never comes back in the storyline. Basically they put something into the film that they never talk about later. This is totally unnecessary and it seems like it is just there to make the movie longer or create some cool beginning screen. (Bowes, 2004) The story of the movie is even too predictable after the unlucky and ordinary lady turns into a superhero who needs to take a revenge on her murders and needs to save the poor people of the city from crime. We can say that all superhero movies are about the same topic but at the same time somehow they are created more interesting. We can also raise a question that can a lady be a successful superhero? According to statistics the answer could be that it is probably impossible since heroes were always been males. Most movies with female superheroes failed like Supergirl, Catwoman, Elektra, Street Fighter: Legend of Chun li, Blood. Why is it like that? The answer could be that the directors of these movies try to make the characters as sexy as possible instead of working more on the story and making it more interesting and exciting. 3.5 Costumes Reviews about the costume designs appearing in the film share the opinions. Movie critics dislike them opposed to male fans of the movie who think that the only one reason to watch the movie was only because of the sexy costumes. According to the first catwoman costume that appeared in the original comic book series our superhero first wore only a cat mask which was later change to a sweater with a hood that had cat ears on the top. Later in the batman movies the costume was changed to the tight black latex suit that showed not much skin. In Pitofs movie there is a huge impact put on the costume. It suggests that the whole movie is around showing Halle Berrys skin and making her into a domina-like sex symbol. The members of Gothamists website think that Pitof is trying too hard to make the new character better than in Batman Returns by putting a bikini on Berry. At least the costume shops will have something to profit on for Halloween. The cat suit was always one of the most liked wear for costume events and after a new cat movie it just even going to be better. 3.6 Turnout After the movie was released the reviews were expressly negative and also Warner Bros made very bad incomes. The $100 million budget movie only made a domestic gross of $40 million and another $42 from foreign countries. This means that the movie itself did not even make as much money as it cost. Unfortunately, there are no data available about the DVD sales income. Warner Bros might have made at least as much on it as the film cost. On Rotten Tomatoes it received 10% score and 3.2/10 on IMDb. On Rotten Tomatoes critics are very harsh and heavy. Even on the opening page it appears that Halle Berry is the lone bright spot, but even she cant save this laughable action thriller. 3.7 Awards The film was nominated 7 times on the Golden Raspberry or Razzies award. Razzies awarded for the worst movies of the year. Catwoman was nominated for worst Picture, Actress, Supporting Actor, Supporting Actress, Couple, Director, Screenplay and with this it get in to the competition of Razzies Special Worst of Our 25 Years Awards and it won first place. This means that in the past 25 years there was no other movie made that received so many bad reviews and award as Pitofs Catwoman. (Razzies) 3.8 Later How did this affect the careers of the staff? Obviously the one who came out of this the worst was Pitof who had never get another opportunity to make a movie so far. Halle Berry wasnt so unlucky as she got 12 acts in movies since 2004 (X-man 2006, Perfect Stranger 2007, Things We Lost in the Fire 2007, etc) Out of these 12 production 5 are under production still and are awaited to come out. Berry did not see Catwoman as something that can affect her career hard even if she has now a Golden Razzie award for worst actress next to her Oscar. Sharon Stone also had 18 acts since Catwoman and Frances Conroy had 21. It seems like that the only one person who came out bad from this production was the director and maybe Warner Bros who did not make any money on the production. 4. Own opinion According to the assignment to examine a huge management failure of our times I decided to choose a movie as my interest is enormous in this media. There were a lot to choose from. I was hesitating between Transformers 2: Revenge of the fallen, Land of the lost, The adventure of Pluto Nash and Catwoman. I watched all 4 movies and I did not like three of them at all. I finally chose the one I actually liked and this was Catwoman. I also made some primary research making interviews with friends about the movie. Without exaggerating the outcome of the research I have to say that there was no one who did not like the movie and actually have seen it. I realized that I made a huge task for myself because I needed to watch something over and over with a very critical eye. First I did not read any of the critical reviews so I do not fall in that mistake that they change my own opinion. For fist two watches in English and Hungarian the only one aspect I did not like was the special effects. I saw them too computer like but I needed to realize that the movie was made more than 6 years ago when this technology was not as good as today. After watching it again and again I started to get nervous as there is nothing I can be critical about. So I read the reviews. They were very critical and negative. Most of them made a big affect on me and after re-watching I could notice some of them. I was sure about the bad choice of Pitof as he had no background in American movie making. I actually liked all of the actors in the movie but noticed sometimes weird and over exaggerated facial expressions and movement especially by Sharon Stone and Berry. These were very irritating and ridiculous. I was not much abused by Patiences cat costume. It was obvious that some very sexy leather piece of tiny cloth would be chosen for a 21th century superhero movie. I do not think that critics should talk too much negative things about this or they do because they probably have not seen Batman. Its true that Batman isnt showing much of his skin but his muscular six-pack costume was also very sexy. In my opinion this aspect of criticizing in catwoman is just an addition to the list. Due to my research most of the men I asked liked the movie because the sexy Berry and her tiny costume. I was very worried about viewing the dialogues critically. Watching it in English with subtitles I could not really find any of these ridiculous lines but this can be due to my own English language skill. Probably someone whose mother language is English would have felt that something just sounds wrong. In the Hungarian version there were no mistakes but obviously the translators will not put anything wrong in their own language if they feel that it does not sound right in the original language. Overall, after viewing the movie 5 times in two languages with two kinds of subtitles and without subtitles, reading walls of texts by critics and fans and making primary researches I can say that the movie should have come out so bad as it does. The huge money loss and the small income can be due to the very negative critics that were written fight after the release date. I know this from first hand. If I cannot decide what to watch in the cinema I go to Rotten Tomatoes and check the reviews. If they are very negative then I will never go and pay money for it. The only way to might watch it is to download it later. Doing this examination of failure the biggest thing I have learned was that how much the internet and someone who is call a movie critic can affect the outcome of a new movie release.