The Psychological Development of a Client Essay Example for Free

The Psychological Development of a Client EssayFrom societys standpoint, one of the most important indexes of faith is the extent of which a person is sufficient to resist pressures to violate social norms. A person who is able to resist the temptation in the absence of outside(a) surveillance not only has learned a lesson rule but is internally motivated to abide by that rule. How do children acquire moral standards and what motivates them to obey these learned codes of conduct? There are several theories on moral information which have attempted to answer these questions. Freuds theory of moral development is very closely linked to aspects of his psychoanalytic theory.Freuds theory was quite controversial and appeared to be mainly concerned with sex. However, looking at some of his work and theorys in that location are perhaps some areas we may be able to relate to or even understand. Darwin influenced Freud. He produced the first ever-psychological theory on personality , how we develop and interference for mental health illnesses. Freuds Psychoanalytic approach is quite complex. However, its basic rationale is that all human behaviour is a result of a basic control force- instinct and survival. The driving force has to be sexual, the need to reproduce.Freud believed that there are three expounds to a persons mind. This is the conscious mind, preconscious mind and the unconscious mind. The conscious part of the mind is what is going on immediately. The preconscious part of the mind is when a particular event or reminder of a certain time that something has happened, the memory pass on become clear again. The unconscious part of the mind is buried. It ap rearly gives us our experiences for sex and our drives for life and death. This can be explained in terms of the Greek Gods. The Libido (Eros) is the drive for sex and life as it represents life and love.The Greek God Thantos is the drive for death. This can be seen as fulfilling the drive thr ough with(predicate) extreme sports, abusive relationships, medicate or alcohol misuse and career driven people. Freud believed that the personality comprised of three parts. The Id, Ego and Superego. He believed that when we are born, we are born with the Id, which is the selfish part. I want. When the Id receives gratification, the Id receives gratification, which kit and caboodle entirely on the Pleasure Principle. The Ego is like the executive. It does things logically and is governed by the Reality Principle. I will notice it this way if I cant get it another way. This part of the personality just defers the gratification. The Superego works on the Morality Principle. Morality can be described as a set of principles or ideals that help the individual to distinguish right from wrong, to act on this distinction, and to feel pride in virtuous conduct and guilt fro conduct that violates ones standards. The morality principle in Freuds theory is split up into two parts. The con scious, which represents the punishing parent and imposes the guilt for immoral deeds or thoughts or any wrongdoing. For example, witnessing a stealing but not reporting it.The ego-ideal, which represents the rewarding parent and imposes the pride which is feelings of satisfaction for doing something good. For example, finding a wallet and handing it in to the police station. Freud proposed that our moral development comes from our Superego. This is as a result and part of our Oedipus complex. This occurs in the phallic stage of our development. This is again a controversial part of Freuds theory. Freuds explains this as a childs feelings and attraction towards the parent of the reversion sex. However, because the boys fear castration he learns his masculine role and internalizes his fathers moral standards.Internalizing is the process of adopting the attributes or standards of other peoples, taking these standards as their own. The girls fear losing their mothers love they develo p a conscious and internalizes her mothers moral standards, so both identifying with the same sex parent. The identification is internalised by the same sex parents moral behaviour, so therefore the inner parent rewards or punishes good or bad actions. However, Freud claims that because girls do not experience the intense fear the boys do of castration, they will develop weaker superegos than the boys do.We might be able to credit Freud with him pointing out that moral emotions such as pride, shame and guilt are important and that the internalization of moral principles is a crucial step on the way of morality. However, a lot of Freuds work is largely unsupported. Freud had also done his work based only on one subject who he interacted with through letters via his parents. (Little Hans. ) furthermore, there is simply no evidence that boys develop stronger superegos than girls. Finally, Freuds proposed age trends for moral development are actually quite pessimistic.As early as 13 to 15 months some toddlers are already complying with some prohibitions in the absence of external surveillance. (Kochanska, Tjebkes and Foreman, 1998. ) According to Kochanska et al. , 1995, by age two toddlers are etymon to show clear signs of distress when they violate rules and sometimes try to correct the mistakes that they have made. These observations suggest that the children internalize morals a lot younger than Freud has suggested. So even though the generalization of Freuds morality theory has some credit, maybe the his theory of oedipal morality is not as black and white as he makes it out to be.

The Hero Cycle in the Harry Potter Series Essay Example for Free

The Hero Cycle in the ravage Potter Series EssayAlthough vex Potter is a crossing of the 21st century, he still has the necessary components of the romantic star. The mystical circumstances surrounding his birth, his underdog state before receiving unlimited power, the mark of the chosen on his forehead, his military position in the wizard community as the future savior these qualities are just some examples that show how Harry Potter was patterned after the humor of a romantic gunman (Heilman, 2008). As a result, he became a character whom audiences found themselves easily relating with. In following Harrys adventures, they were introduced to a world where good always triumphs over evil and problems can be instantly solved with a single magic spell. The Heros locomote In almost all(prenominal) genre and medium, the journey of the romantic hero is divided into three parts departure, initiation and return. Such a division was think mainly to show audiences why he or s he deserved to be the protagonist. In the duration of the journey, the positive traits of the protagonist are slowly revealed. In the process, it is imparted to audiences that notwithstanding out the most ordinary persons can likewise be heroes in their own right.Departure The departure begins with the call to adventure. The hero, usually portrayed as a dislocate and oppressed individual, is suddenly given notice that he or she is about to undergo a life-changing escapade. Harry was presented in Harry Potter and the Sorcerers Stone (1997) as an orphan who was constantly maltreated by his relatives, the Dursleys. His miserable existence came to an end when the wizard Rubeus Hagrid suddenly came for him at the Dursley home and brought him to Hogwarts (Stouffer, 2007).Read to a greater extentHow many words are in harry potter.But due to reasons such as fear, insecurity or a sense of duty or obligation, the hero usually refuses to heed the call. Harry was initially reluctant to atten d Hogwarts due to personal insecurities and lack of money. These concerns were dispelled when he later realized that his parents had a stupendous amount of currency deposited at Gringotts Bank and that he was well-known in the wizardry circles as the boy who lived (Neal, 2002). According to Hagrid, Harry survived the Dark Lord Voldemorts curse of death which killed both his parents (Neal, 2002).Once the hero has committed to the quest, either consciously or unconsciously, he or she is bestowed with immense power and magical helpers. unconnected from Hagrid, two of Harrys closest friends in Hogwarts were his schoolmates Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger. They proved to be loyal friends who always stood by his side through thick and thin. Throughout the series, Harry also acquired several powers such as the ability to enlarge an item (engorgio) and create a Patronus (Expecto Patronum) (Granger, 2008). Furthermore, the heros commitment to the quest entails his or her apostasy of fami liar surroundings and beliefs.From cosmos the drudge and whipping boy of the Dursleys, Harry became a very omnipotent wizard who fought fearsome villains such as Sirius Black, Snape and Voldemort himself. Furthermore, the responsibilities associated with being the boy who lived resulted in Harry having a more restricted life than most boys his age. In an age when most boys should be having their first romantic relationships, Harry was depicted struggling to deal with his failed romance with Cho Chang (Agarwal and Vincent, 2005). Initiation In the duration of the adventure proper, the hero experiences numerous trials.These ordeals were intended to bring about his or her transformation. Although the hero often fails in one or more of these tests, his or her allies help him or her get back on track. Harry is no exception. In his first year in Hogwarts, he had to help capture a mountain troll, get past a three-headed dog named Fluffy, escape Devils Snare, find and catch the correct fl ying key among a flock, win a game of living chess, figure out which potion is safe to drink and finally face Professor Quirrell/Voldemort before getting the Sorcerers stone out of the Mirror of Erised (Neal, 2007).By the time he reached his second year, Harry had to visualize who the heir of Slytherin is and defeat the monster in the Chamber of Secrets. In his third year, he and Hermione were tasked with figuring out how to rescue Buckbeak and Sirius. In his fourth year, Harry had to chair a golden egg from the nest of a m early(a) dragon in order to get through the Triwizard Tournament, rescue hostages held by merepeople and get to the Triwizard cup by traveling through a dangerous maze.In his fifth year, he was in danger of being expelled and having his wand taken, was tested in every subject for his Ordinary Wizarding Level Examinations (OWLs) and traveled to London to battle Death Eaters and Voldemort. In his sixth year, Harry went with Dumbledore to a lake guarded by infer ius (animated human corpses) before they found and destroyed one of Voldemorts horcruxes (Neal, 2007). The trials that the hero undergoes are not without purpose these take place primarily to prepare him or her for the final dislodge with his or her nemesis.In Harrys case, therefore, the trials that he underwent in Hogwarts were actually preparations for his final battle with Voldemort. But his confrontation with Voldemort is more than just a strife it was an exorcism of the fragment of Voldemort which he carried in himself. It must be noted that when Harry was still a baby, his mother Lily cast a powerful apology charm over him a spell which required her to offer her lifes blood.In order to grant himself invincibility, Voldemort stole a fraction of this powerful charm an act which resulted in him and Harry bound together in life and in death (Falconer, 2008). Return subsequently the adventure was finally accomplished, the hero is usually reluctant to return to normal life. But his or her guides and assistants manages to convince him or her that the wisdom that he or she gained during the quest would be put to get out use when shared with the rest of the world.Thus, the hero returns to everyday life, retaining the wisdom that he or she acquired during the adventure and using it for the betterment of the community he or she lives in. After defeating Voldemort, Harry went on to become the head of the Auror Department the organization responsible for ridding the world of evil wizards. His struggle against Voldemort left in him a strong figure out never to let evil wizards threaten the world again (Riphouse, 2004).Conclusion The black-and-white, romantic persona of Harry Potter is a welcome break in an era of complex strife.His meteoric rise from underdog to the most powerful wizard unconsciously implies to audiences that they can still overcome their present situation no amour how difficult it may seem. Although good people may have things hard at fir st, they will eventually triumph in the end. The bad people, on the other hand, will end up receiving the punishment that they deserve. Simply put, Harry Potter is a reminder to a conflict-weary populace that there is still hope even for the most insurmountable dilemma.

Life And Battles Of Saigo Takamori History Essay

Life And Battles Of Saigo Takamori History EssayThe Last Samurai The Life and Battles of Saigo Takamori, pen by Mark Ravina, chronicles Saigos life, from childhood that fashioned his cour geezerhood to his own death at the Satsuma Rebellion. In pre-industrial Japan, samurai meant military nobility. This book is a biography of Saigo that explains many of the events leading up to the Restoration and the role the battle of Satsuma played in the Restoration. Saigo Takamori is revered as one of Japans most loyal and honorable samurai. Part of the legend for Saigo was the fate of his severed head. The other part of the legend is was he killed or did he commit suicide as an act of heroism.It is unclear what year Saigo was born. Some references have 1827, while others have 1828. Regardless of the year, Saigo was born into a samurai family that was precise low ranked in Kagoshima. He was born into wealth or rank. He was educated at a local level. His became very educated in Chinese classics and Zen, as well as swordsmanship. His first job was as an assistant clerk in a country office. In 1854, at the age of 26, he was selected to transit the Daimyo Shimazu Nariakira to promote closer ties with the imperial court. This journey is where his political cargoner began. Saigo went on many journeys with states custody.In 1858, he was a part of the Ansei put and fled with a priest. The preist and Saigo made a suicide pact. Saigo supported out of the pact, only afterwards the priest had already committed to his end of the deal by drowning himself. Saigo survived the journey simply was later exiled to Amami Oshima Islands. In 1862, he returned to political life, but was forced into exile once again. He was brought out of exile in 1864. He was called back to the main island to train a group of Satsuma warriors. Saigo was to help his lord fight for the restoration of the emperor butterfly moth. Saigo became one of the main leaders of the new Japan. In 1868, Saigo and his m arch led a revolt to destroy and create a powerful new state. He became the leader in Meijis new political sympathies. Saigo was now an active share of the Meiji government. Although Saigo supported many of the Western-style reforms, he was torn by the sense that he was betraying his supporters. It was a desire for Saigo to die in service to his emperor. Saigo showed great loyalty to the emperor and his followers.Unsure about the government he had helped to create, Saigo wanted to end his career with one last movement. In 1873, Saigo wanted to go to Korea and demand the Korean office recognize the Meiji emperor. He had every intention to draw his sword if he had to. Saigo never was able to move forward with his plan to have the Japanese emperor recognized. His plan was dismissed and treated as reckless. He was denied his chance to show his loyalty and courage to the emperor. He resigned from the government and returned to Satsuma, his native land Satsuma. Saigo opened up military like academy for the former samurai warriors. He trained the men in frugality, honesty, and courage. This group resented the modernization of Japan more so than Saigo. Saigo feared the impersonal, commercial and centralized nation would destroy samurai traditions of personal honor, regional loyalty, and social service.Japan in the 1870s was going through many changes of industrialization and social and political changes. This process is in like manner cognise as modernization. numerous people had negative views on Japan and its culture. In 1876, westerners considered the Japanese to be uncivilized people. They thought that Japan was inferior to Caucasians in culture, intelligence, and culture. Japan even paid some Westerners very well to sit on government seats. Often this visits were short lived. The views that outsiders had on Imperial Japan are one reason that Japan sought to do away traditions of the samurai. Every aspect of traditional Japan and been thrown to the side. Ja pan had begun to westernize itself not to be confused with Americanize. Saigo felt as if the traditions of the past would die out. The very hurried and colossal changes to Japanese culture, dress, and society appeared to many samurai to be a treachery. In 1876, the Meiji government stripped samurais of their swords. In defining how a modern Japan should be, members of the Meiji government decided to follow the footsteps of United Kingdom and Germany, basing the country on the concept of magnanimousness oblige. Samurai were not to be a political force under the new order.Saigos followers and students rose in rebellion. They had a mission to let their voice be heard with their swords. The students made Saigo their leader of this uprising. Old Japan and new Japan met in battle in 1877. Early in the uprising, the rebels seized several local armories. Many of the rebels officers were trained in modern methods. The fight initially lasted from February to September. The imperial army bega n its final attack around four in the morning in September. By 530 A.M., the imperial army had destroyed all the fortifications of the rebels. At roughly seven in the morning, Saigo and his troops descended from the hill to face the Japanese army. They knew they were outnumbered. They knew they would die. Saigo died from a bullet wound, but legend has it that he died by his own sword. This was a great samurai tradition to die with honor at the end of ones life. This tradition is known as seppuku, a samurai suicide ritual. An autopsy of Saigo later revealed that he was only shot in the hip and would have been in too much aggravator to commit suicide.The imperial governments victory was short lived. They had Saigos body, but his head was missing. His head was but off with one clean slice. If the government was unable to provide a head, then the victory is incomplete. In looking for Saigos head, the imperial army was honoring one of the oldest traditions. It is said that severed heads were to be presented and were a celebrated part of Japanese warfare. These heads were often a tribute to the lords. No one is sure exactly what happened to Saigos head immediately following his death. Some say Saigos manservant hid the head. The head was later rigid with Saigos body after a government official found it. One ironic part of searching for Saigos head is that the imperial army was honoring a tradition that was officially banished by the emperor. The new Japanese army was to be based on modern nationalism, not feudal loyalty. So in a sense, the death of Saigo brought forth some old traditions that had been banished in early years.It is said that this rebellion, the War of the Southwest, was the bloodiest battle that Japan had ever seen. Saigos forces were defeated. Old Japan was defeated. Over 12,000 men on both sides were killed. This battle also nearly bankrupted the new imperial government. Financially, devastating the Satsuma Rebellion cost the government significa ntly, forcing Japan off the coin standard and triggering the government to print paper currency. The imperial army had to use every resource available, including shipping lines, rail transport, police forces, and volunteers. The Imperial Japanese Armies were drafted, but many samurai volunteered to be soldiers and many advanced to be trained as officers. Much of the Imperial Army officer class was of samurai origin and they were highly motivated, check and exceptionally trained. The rebellion was also successfully the close of the samurai class. After this war in 1877, there were no more samurai uprisings in Japan.Twelve years after Saigos death, the imperial government, denounced Saigo as a rebel and a traitor. In 1889, the government exonerated Saigo of all his crimes, and restored him to his imperial court rank. Saigo is still a legacy right away in popular culture. A modern movie that is loosely based on the history of Saigo was produced. Many people still find his actions he roic no(prenominal) the less. Saigo was a samurai warrior who lived and died to protect the traditions he was so fond of preserving. In life and death, Saigo exemplified all that was labeled as being admirable in the samurai. This book written by Mark Ravina gives one last look at the final days of feudal government and the exciting career of Saigo. He gave his life to defy the samurai traditions at the forefront of the Japanese government. His efforts and loyalty have had a lasting impact on Japan and the interpretations of the samurai way and tradition.

Effect of an Increase in Molar Mass on Enthalpy Change

Effect of an Increase in Molar plurality on Enthalpy ChangeAn investigating to determine the effect of an increase in bomber plenitude on the total heat exchange of conflagration of fuelsMethod VariablesIndependent VariableMolar view (type) of alcohol.Dependant VariableThe following variable volition be observed and measured* throne of the alcohol apply.Controlled VariableThe following variables entrust need to be controlled* Mass of pee, the mass of water will be measured using a measuring cylinder.* Amount of wick on burner, the amount of wick on the burner will be measured using a fundamentard ruler and kept constant as it stirs the amount of alcohol burn down.* Height of beaker above flame, the beaker will be set up so that the base just touches the flame.* Type of beaker, the same beaker will be used and marked, as the density and size of the beaker affect the amount of high temperature energy transferred to the water.* Agitation of the water, the water will nee d to be stirred in every experiment as to prevent every anomalous results.* Temperature change is held constant, measured with a thermometer reading from -10oC to 110oC, with an uncertainty of 0.5oCMethod Procedure1. Measure 100cm3 of water in the measuring cylinder.2. Pour the water into the 250cm3 beaker and commemorate its temperature.3. Choose a spirit burner.Record the name of the fuel, and the mass of the whole burner (including the lid and fuel inside).4. Clamp the beaker, and set it up so that the spirit burner will fit comfortably under it.5. Light the 6mm wick of the spirit burner, and put it under the 250 cm3 beaker.6. Stir the water gently with the thermometer, and watch the temperature.When it has increased by 20C, put the lid on the spirit burner to put the flame out.7. Record the new mass of the whole burner (including the lid and fuel inside).8. Using fresh water each time, repeat the experiment at least twice with the same fuel.9. Repeat all for distinct fuels.Res ultQuantitative raw data go off NameExperiment 1Experiment 2TemperatureMass Before/g (0.01)Mass After/g (0.01)Mass Before/g(0.01)Mass After/g(0.01)Before/oC (0.05)After/oC(0.05)Methanol181.48180.00179.79178.2220.0040.00Ethanol215.64214.50214.52213.5020.0040.00Propan-1-ol228.70227.39227.39225.9120.0040.00Butan-1-ol174.63173.96173.96173.3420.0040.00Pentan-1-ol172.33171.47171.47170.8420.0040.00Octan-1-ol218.77217.72217.72216.8520.0040.00 placards during ExperimentAll reactions were exothermic as the beaker and the surrounding began to warm up. arouse NameObservationMethanolIt burnt with a short dim orangey yellow flame. The base of the beaker was partly covered with soot. Small bubbles formed at the base of the beaker.EthanolIt burnt with a pale orangey yellow flame. The base of the beaker was slightly darkened by the formation of soot. Small bubbles formed at the base of the beaker.Propan-1-olIt burnt with a shorten bright orangey yellow flame. The base of the beaker was again slight ly darkened by the formation of soot. Small bubbles formed at the base of the beaker.Butan-1-olIt burnt with a pin down and long yellowish orange flame. The base of the beaker was considerably darkened by the formation of soot. Small bubbles formed at the base of the beaker.Pentan-1-olIt burnt with a destine and long yellowish orange flame. The base of the beaker was completely darkened by the formation of soot. Small bubbles formed at the base of the beaker.Octan-1-olIt burnt with a abridge and long distinct yellow flame. The base of the beaker was fully obscured by the formation of soot. Small bubbles formed at the base of the beaker.AnalysisThe heat that is released in the combustion of an alcohol is absorbed by the liquid. The temperature change of the liquid is then related to the heat of combustion of the alcohol (heat released in a reaction (combustion in this case) = heat gained by the substance). I can work out the heat energy absorbed by the liquid using the formulaHeat Energy transferred (Q) = mcTc = specific heating capacity of water (4.18 Jg-1K-1)m = mass of water (in grams)T = change in temperature of the water.And find the enthalpy (heat) change of combustion per fraction of a mole of the alcohol.For exampleMass of water (m) = 100g (0.5), Change in Temperature (T) = 20.00C (0.10) at that placefore, Heat Energy Transferred (Q) = mcT (degree of uncertainty)= 100 4.18 20 (0.5 + 0.10) = 8360 J (0.6) = 8.36 kJ (0.6)This is the same for every reaction as the mass of water remains constant.From here on, I can account the enthalpy change per fraction of a mole of the substance as it combusts to form its productsHcAlcohol + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + WaterMass of Methanol used = 1.52g (0.02)Number of moles (N) = M/RMM (percentage degree of uncertainty)= 1.52g / 32.04g (2.00% + 0%) = 0.0474 mol (2.00%)Where,M = Mass of the Alcohol used to heat the amount of waterRMM = Relative Molar Mass of the Alcohol obtained from the data book, so the percentage un certainty is 0% Enthalpy change of Combustion (Hc) = Q/N (percentage degree of uncertainty) = 8.36 kJ / 0.0474 mol (7.17% + 2.00%) = 176.22 (9.17%)All calculations are through similarly.Fuel NameAverage Initial mass/g (0.01)Average Final mass/g (0.01)(M) Mass used/g (0.02)(T) Temp change/C (0.10)(Q) Heat Energy Transferred/kJ (0.12)(N) Number of Moles used/mol (2.00%)(Hc) Enthalpy change of Combustion (9.17%) /kJ mol-1Methanol180.64179.111.5220.008.364.74 x10-2-176.22Ethanol215.08214.001.0820.008.362.34 x10-2-356.62Propan-1-ol228.05226.651.4020.008.362.33 x10-2-358.82Butan-1-ol174.30173.650.6520.008.360.88 x10-2-953.29Pentan-1-ol171.90171.160.7520.008.360.85 x10-2-982.58Octan-1-ol218.25217.290.9620.008.360.74 x10-2-1134.09ConclusionFrom the table it is evident that the molar mass of an alcohol increases the amount of heat energy it dispenses per fraction of a mole. Also, the graph shows that there is a positive correlation between molar mass and enthalpy change of combustion for alc ohols. What could explain the relation is that as the molar mass increases there is an increase in the number of available carbon atoms to compound with oxygen and release energy. Therefore, an increase in molar mass will run through an incremental effect on the enthalpy change of combustion.EvaluationFuel NameLiteratureHc Value (LV)Experimental Hc Value (EV)Literature actus reus(EV LV)/LV*100Methanol-726.00-176.2275.76%Ethanol-1367.30-356.6274.00%Propan-1-ol-2021.00-358.8282.24%Butan-1-ol-2675.60-953.2964.38%Pentan-1-ol-3328.70-982.5870.48%Octan-1-ol-5293.60-1134.0978.58%Table depicting the percentage error of the experimental value from the actual value available in the data bookAverage Literature error 74.22%The results are not consistent with the books values, all of the reactants did not completely combust due to the lack of oxygen, leading to the formation of soot and carbon monoxide, which means that the heat output is less than it would stimulate been if all of the ca rbon burnt, since the calculations are based on the mass of the un-burnt carbon, the calculated value is less than the literature value. The beaker would not have transferred all the heat across some would have been lost in heating the beaker as well as the clamp and stand, this would have caused the value to be less than the actual value. otherwise possible sources of error could be by slight differences in the values of the fixed variables, like the mass of water not being exactly 100g, due to incorrect reading of the measuring cylinder caused by a parallax (when the scale is read at an angle to the eye, as the light is refracted through the glass, the reading appears to be at a different position). The same error could have been also made in the reading of the thermometer, causing there to be wrong temperature readings. There were some anomalies when reading the graph as two values were almost identical. It could have been due to the amount of wick on the burner as it would not have been exactly the same (6mm) on each burner as this was difficult to measure. This would have caused differences in the amount of alcohol burnt. The flame was not always just sense of touch the beaker, as this again was difficult to measure accurately, and would have caused differences in the amount of heat given off as the temperature of the flame is different at different heights. Also, the thermometer was not in the same place at each temperature recording, as even though the water was stirred, there would be differences in the temperature of the water at different depths.Errors mentioned in conducting ExperimentPossible corrections that could be madeIncomplete Combustion of reactantsPlacing the fuel in an airtight chamber and controlling the proceed of air through valves as to make the correct stoichiometric balance ratio of carbon and oxygen.Heat loss to the surroundingInsulation of the beaker, boss, clamp and stand by wrapping them with polystyrene. Also, Preventing any draught from carrying the heat energy away by placing a board to shield it.Parallax errorPosition of eye at all volumetric vessels must be at the same level as the meniscus.Transfer of heat energy to the liquidA calorimeter made of a better heat conducting material, perhaps something strong and lightweight like aluminium.

Barack Obama: Leading Change In The US

Barack Obama Leading Change In The USHaving defeated John Mc Cain, in the 44th US presidential elections on the 4 November 2008, Barack Obama became the first Afri squeeze out-American president in the history of the US. According to Forbes, he is seen as the most powerful person in the globe because he leads the largest, most powerful and evolving economy in the world. In his capacity as the American president, he participates in the (G8) forum and he is one of the people whose decisions soma the world economy. Additionally, at home, his party holds the majority in both US house and senate therefore, he is able to wield legislations and policies to his favour. (Forbes, 2010)His priorities when elected as president was to rebel plans to withdraw American troops from Iraq, finish the operations in Afghanistan and close the Guantanamo Bay detention camp. His overall political agenda included (a) improving the American Economy, (b) introducing new legislation which aimed to provide af fordable accessible health care to all American citizens as well as (c) improving fostering and (d) investment funds on renewable sources of energy in an attempt to reduce the disastrous effect of climate substitute. Last scarcely not least, he aimed to stop Iran from developing their nuclear program.One of Barack Obamas major concerns was to improve the American international policy image around the world, in particular the relationships between the US and Muslim countries, which beneath the presidency of Mr. George Bush had deteriorated as a result of the war against Afghanistan and Iraq. Moreover, unlike George Bush who saw himself as the ultimate CEO, who sets big goals and agendas, and runs the Federal Government as a large private corporation, Barack Obama had at the core of his internal policy the interests of the ordinary American citizen. In other words, George Bush, an autocratic leader was succeeded by Barack Obama, a democratic leader. His vision was to inspire pri de in all American citizens so that they would moot again in the potential of the American dream and pertain their belief that change was possible and that they could all, together develop a new mother wit of common goals about their country. Clearly, Obama does not see himself as a CEO, but rather as a community organizer and facilitator whose authority is derived from the American People and whose main purpose is the public wel farawaye. (Burnett, 2008)What makes Barack Obama a straight leader? Barack Obama is true leader because of his leadership characteristics and personality traits. One characteristic that makes him a leader is integrity, that is, the strength of someone able to defend his personal ethics. Obama has this trait because he go away not compromise to anything that is unethical to him and he will stick to his position and ethics for the greater good of the country, even if he is risking his career. Another characteristic that represents Obama, with ask to fo reign affairs, is his sense of respect of other countries despite their past. This led Obama to support diplomacy, even with countries which were considered terrorist such as Iran.Barack Obama is characterized for his belief in equality for every American citizen. According to a tax plan that he introduced, middle class families will relief from taxes and so will small business because they create to a greater extent jobs. Another typical characteristic of Obama is his sense of citizenship. Back in 1992, when he was still a community organizer in Chicago, he helped to create a job training program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants rights organization. This showed Obamas self-will and motivation to be an active member of a community and make changes for the greater good.Obamas sense of caring and solidarity to the American people, led to a new legislation which reformed the public health care sector as well as the education sector in the United States. This shows that the welfare of each American is at the top of its agenda. Not many leaders have the ability to have sentence for both their families and the public welfare, but apparently Barack Obama keeps balance of his time and also devotes time to his beloved family. Confidence is some other virtue of Barack Obama, which is particularly obvious in his speeches and the way people perceive him. His confidence is inspiring it boosts their morale and encourages them to act for a common purpose with their own goodwill.Barack Obama was elected with a majority of 53%. A remarkable thing to say is that a few weeks after his election, a Gallup poll revealed that the 83% of the population approved of his action. This shows that the 30% of the voters who hadnt voted him at the elections changed their minds and gave another chance to the 44th American president. What made them change their mind about Barrack Obama?Since day one, Barack Obama tried to introduce important changes in domestic policies and the foreign affairs as he had promised from his campaign. His activities caught the eye of the public and gained him their trust, with his charismatic nature. One century earlier, the German Sociologist Max Weber, stated that charismatic leaders are characterized by a certain quality in their personality by virtue of which they are set apart from ordinary men and treated as indue with supernatural, superhuman, or at least specifically exceptional powers or qualities. Barack Obama has this charisma and his followers think of him as a leader with special qualities that he deservers their fealty and faith. This charismatic ability enabled him to bring the people to his side, especially young people and prompt them to achieve goals larger than their expectations and strengths. During his speeches he uses the expression we a down, which enables him to have unmediated communication with his audience. Also, in his speeches he uses expressions such as we are hurting, in order to aw aken them and get their attention to important issues that affect them and make them believe that they can contribute to his work. (Fellahi, 2009)According to Barack Obamas doctrine, a complete change will come from the transformation of the politics of America to heal Americas pain and change American lives for good by replacing the politics that breed division, conflict and cynicism with a policy that increases unity and brings peace in America and the whole world. From this doctrine we can see that Barack Obamas charisma springs from empathy and inspiring power rather than authority and muscular strength such as Bushs administration. (Fellahi, 2009)Is Barack Obama a transformational leader? Looking so far what Barack Obama has done as a president for this short term, we can see an extraordinary person who has climbed the ladder of power with a vision. One of the dominant mottos in his presidential campaign was Change We Can Believe In. This referred to hope for a better future an d a better country. So far, Barack Obama has made a lot of changes in the health care legislation and the economic system in an attempt to fight recession. His activities have inspired many people and provide them with a new vision that increases commitment and performance.After eight years under George Bushs transactional leadership with rewards and penalties in an attempt to force people to comply, came the transformational leadership of Barack Obama who presented himself as an instigator of change able to inspire people with his vision and create a need for change by making the people to deal with the problem, by creating a new culture of urgency and energy and not by ignoring it. (Bateman, 2010)According to the contingency theory in leadership, different management styles will be more effective in different situations. In that case, during his presidency Barack Obama has been able to respond to different situations with different styles. For example, when he was travelling abro ad he was humble and listened patiently before he spoke. However, in other cases he showed his tough site and forced the automobile industry in the US to follow some standards and change their business actions. Finally, he showed the world that he is willing to work hard to accomplish the changes he promised to bring and overcome all types of challenges in order to keep his promises. (Coggins, 2009)In conclusion, Barack Obamas leadership has taught us that every leader needs to set his goals and create his own strategy of implementing them. Definitely, having a vision helps to set priorities and makes you confident so that you will work hard in order to achieve your goals. Barack Obamas vision has enabled him to set goals and priorities such as the welfare of the American citizens, to be self-motivated and confident of what he was doing and inspire others to follow him. Finally, Barack Obama is characterized as an initiator of change with his vision, he has created a need for change by making people deal with their problems and create a new culture of urgency and energy.SourcesForbes, 2010. online. Available at

Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay examples -- Shelley Frankenstein Ess

Mary Shelleys FrankensteinMary Shelleys, Frankenstein, was written during a period of dramatic revolution. The failed French Revolution and Industrial Revolution seriously mark the falsehood with hints of moral and scientific revolution. Through Frankenstein, Shelley sends out a clear message that morally irresponsible scientific development can unleash a fanatic that can destroy its creator.Upon beginning the creation process, Victor Frankenstein uses the scientific advances of others to infiltrate the role of nature. The modern masters promise very little.. But these philosophers .. have hence performed miracles.. They penetrate into the recesses of nature and show how she works in her hiding-places. They ascend into the heavens they have discovered how the blood circulates, and the nature of the air we breath. They have acquired new and most unlimited springs they can command the thunders of heaven, mimic the earthquake, and even mock the invisible world of its own shadows(47 ).Frankenstein sees these innovations as overpowering and substantially giving humans the power of god. Frankenstein believes that through these new scientific powers human kind would be served with a positive effect. Disease could be banished and self glory could result. what glory would attend the find if I could banish disease from the human frame and render man invulnerable to any but a violent death(40)Shelley characterizes Frankenstein as a modern a mad scientist...

Prejudice and Racism: All Men are Equal, Unless They Are Black Essay

Brian is a young African American male who has been pulled everywhere by the police somewhere amid twenty and thirty times and accused of committing a crime. The only problem is, hes never so much as jaywalked across a street. Brian is a hardworking, church-going existence who is director of lighting at Black Entertainment Television in Washington, D.C. He has a spotless record. That matters little to the D.C. police. Time after time, the cops would pull Brian over to interrogate him for a recent murder, robbery, or assault. He would be yanked out of his car, thrown to the ground, and held until one of them figured out he was the wrong guy. -Brian Anthony Harris is Not cute, by Michael Moore In his 1963 document, Letter From Birmingham Jail, Martin Luther King Jr. prayed in some not too distant tomorrow the radiant stars of love and marriage will shine over our great nation with all their scintillating beauty. To date, his prayers remain unanswered, and the radiant stars he dr eamed of seem more remote and confuse than ever. It seems impossible, in the wake of the Civil Rights movement of the Sixties, America would not take heed and make strides to erase the lines of inequality dividing its population. It hasnt. Superficial changes in race relations, exchangeable the halfhearted integration of schools, the ever-lessening concessions to affirmative action, and the few token minority Court and Cabinet appointments notwithstanding, the status-quo of American life illustrates the continuing failure of Kings dream. In the 37 historic period since Martin Luther King Jr. sat in an Alabama jail cell, more black men have gone to jail than to college, and the black voice in Americas democracy has quieted to a whisper. Black Americans are not m... ...anna Huffington. 10/01/00. http//www.salon.com/news/feature/2000/10/02/disenfranchised/index.html Back to the Civil Rights Barricades, by Todd Gitlin. 12/04/00. http//www.salon.com/ administration/feature/2000/12/0 4/democracy/index.html Justice Policy Institute/ Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice. Beatty, Holman, and Schiraldi, 2000 Poor Prescription The Costs of Imprisoning Drug Offenders in the joined States. Washington DC The Justice Policy Institute. Accessed 5/20/01. http//www.cjcj.org/drug/drugpr.html Americas One Million Non-Violent Prisoners, by V. Schiraldi, J. Ziedenberg, and J Irwin, PhD.1999. Accessed 5/21/01. http//www.cjcj.org/jpi/onemillion.html United States Department of Justice. Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 1999. Allen J. Beck, Ph.D. Apr, 2000, Accessed 5/20/01. http//www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pubalp2.htmpjmidyear